Novel 1,4-benzothiazepine and 1,5-benzothiazepine compounds as inhibitors of apical sodium codependent bile acid transport abd taurocholate uptake

ABSTRACT

Compounds, pharmaceutical compositions, and methods for the treatment of a hyperlipidemic condition in a subject. The compounds of the present invention are apical sodium co-dependent bile acid transport inhibitors and are 1,4-benzothiazepine and 1,5-benzothiazepine compounds corresponding to Formula I:  
                 
 
     wherein j, m, Y, Z, R 1A , R 1B , R 2A , R 2B  and R 6  are as defined in the specification.

[0001] This application claims priority to provisional U.S. ApplicationSer. No. 60/220,966 filed Jul. 26, 2000, incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention relates to compounds, pharmaceuticalcompositions, and methods for the treatment of a hyperlipidemiccondition in a subject. More particularly, the present invention relatesto novel 1,4-benzothiazepine and 1,5-benzothiazepine compounds that areuseful as apical sodium co-dependent bile acid transport inhibitors.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] The major metabolic fate of cholesterol in the human body is inthe hepatic synthesis of bile acids. Bile acids are both passively andactively reabsorbed from the small intestine and recycled via theenterohepatic circulation to conserve the total pool of bile acids.Dietschy, “Mechanisms for the intestinal absorption of bile acids”, J.Lipid Res., 9:297-309 (1968). Bile acids undergo passive absorption inthe proximal small intestine and active transport in the terminal ileum.Love et al., “New insights into bile acid transport”, Curr. Opin.Lipidol., 9(3):225-229 (1998). Ileal active transport accounts for themajority of intestinal bile acid uptake and is the exclusive route fortaurine-conjugated bile acids. Id. Ileal active transport is mediated bythe apical sodium co-dependent bile acid transporter (“ASBT”, also knownas the ileal bile acid transporter or “IBAT”) localized to the distalone-third of the ileum. Craddock et al., “Expression and transportproperties of the human ileal and renal sodium-dependent bile acidtransporter”, Am. J. Physiol., 274 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol.37):G157-G169 (1998).

[0004] An equilibrium generally exists between hepatic cholesterol andthe bile acid pool. Interruption of the enterohepatic recirculation ofbile acids (e.g., the binding of intestinal bile acids to a sequesteringresin such as cholestyramine; the surgical removal of the ileum tophysically eliminate ileal ASBT; or the specific inhibition of ilealASBT) results in a decrease in the liver bile acid pool and stimulatesincreased hepatic synthesis of bile acids from cholesterol (i.e., anupregulation of cholesterol-7α-hydroxylase activity), eventuallydepleting the liver's pool of esterified cholesterol. In order tomaintain liver cholesterol levels necessary to support bile acidsynthesis, the de novo synthesis of cholesterol increases in thehepatocytes (i.e., an upregulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarylcoenzyme-A reductase activity) and also increases the uptake of serumcholesterol by upregulating the number of cell surface low densitylipoprotein cholesterol receptors (“LDL receptors”). The number ofhepatic LDL receptors directly impacts serum low density lipoprotein(“LDL”) cholesterol levels, with an increase in the number of LDLreceptors resulting in a decrease in serum cholesterol. The net result,therefore, is that serum LDL cholesterol levels decrease when intestinalbile acid reabsorption is reduced. Stedronsky, in “Interaction of bileacids and cholesterol with nonsystemic agents having hypocholesterolemicproperties,” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1210 (1994) 255-287discusses biochemistry, physiology, and known active agents surroundingbile acids and cholesterol. Agents that inhibit the transport of bileacids across the tissue of the ileum, therefore, can cause a decrease inthe levels of cholesterol in blood serum.

[0005] A large number of adults have cholesterol levels that exceedrecommended levels and can be considered as having hypercholesterolemia.If left untreated, such hypercholesteroleamia can result, for example,in atherosclerosis and complications of atherosclerosis such asmyocardial infarction, stroke and peripheral vascular disease.Accordingly, the development of new therapeutic agents (such as ASBTinhibitors) that overcome the problems associated with, and/or showimproved performance relative to, the therapeutic agents disclosed inthe literature would be desirable. The present invention thereforecomprises novel 1,4- and 1,5-benzothiazepines that represent animprovement over the therapeutic agents previously disclosed for use inthe treatment of a hyperlipidemic condition, together withpharmaceutical compositions and methods of use thereof.

[0006] Those 1,4- and 1,5-benzothiepines that have been disclosed in theliterature as agents for the treatment of a hyperlipidemic conditioninclude the following:

[0007] WO93/16055 discloses selected 1,4-benzothiazepines as useful inthe treatment of a hyperlipidemic condition.

[0008] WO94/18183 discloses selected 1,4-benzothiazepines as useful inthe treatment of a hyperlipidemic condition.

[0009] WO94/18184 discloses selected 1,4-benzothiazepines as useful inthe treatment of a hyperlipidemic condition.

[0010] WO96/05188 discloses selected 1,4-benzothiazepines as useful inthe treatment of a hyperlipidemic condition.

[0011] WO98/05657 discloses selected 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzothiazepines astherapeutic agents.

[0012] U.S. Pat. No. 5,910,494 discloses selected 1,4-benzothiazepinesas useful in the treatment of a hyperlipidemic condition.

[0013] U.S. Pat. No. 6,020,330 discloses selected 1,4-benzothiazepinesas useful in the treatment of a hyperlipidemic condition.

[0014] WO96/16051 discloses selected 1,5-benzothiazepines as useful inthe treatment of a hyperlipidemic condition.

[0015] WO99/35135 discloses selected 1,5-benzothiazepines as useful inthe treatment of a hyperlipidemic condition.

[0016] M. Booker et al., “Ileal Bile Acid Transport Inhibitors AsPotential Hypocholesterolemic Agents,” Curr. Opin. In Cardiovascular,Pulmonary & Renal Invest. Drugs, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 208-215 (2000),discloses 1,4- and 1,5-benzothiepines (including Glaxo Wellcomecompounds 2164U90 and 264W94) as useful for the treatment of ahyperlipidemic condition.

[0017] In addition, selected benzothiepines have been disclosed in theliterature as agents for the treatment of a hyperlipidemic condition.For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,994,391 discloses substituted benzothiepinecompounds (including 5-(substituted phenyl)-benzothiepine compounds) foruse as ASBT inhibitors. WO99/64409 discloses similar 5-(substitutedphenyl)-benzothiepine compounds wherein the phenyl substituent comprisesa mono-, di-, tri- or tetrasaccharide moiety as useful for the treatmentof a hyperlipidemic condition.

[0018] Further, other classes of compounds have been disclosed in theliterature as agents for the treatment of a hyperlipidemic condition.For example, PCT Patent Application No. WO94/24087 discloses a group ofsubstituted naphthalene compounds as useful for the treatment of ahyperlipidemic condition.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0019] A first aspect of the invention comprises novel 1,4- and1,5-benzothiazepine compounds corresponding to Formula I (as laterdefined in the Detailed Description) that are effective agents for thetreatment of a hyperlipidemic condition or conditions.

[0020] Another aspect of the invention comprises pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising one or more of the novel 1,4- and1,5-benzothiazepine compounds corresponding to Formula I that aresuitable for use in treating a hyperlipidemic condition or conditions.

[0021] Still another aspect of the invention comprises methods for thetreatment of a hyperlipidemic condition or conditions comprisingadministering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of one ormore of the novel 1,4- and 1,5-benzothiazepine compounds correspondingto Formula I.

[0022] Still another aspect of the invention comprises methods of makingthe novel 1,4- and 1,5-benzothiazepine compounds corresponding toFormula I.

[0023] Still another aspect of the invention comprises novel 1,4- and1,5-benzothiazepine compounds corresponding to Formula VII (as laterdefined in the Detailed Description) that are effective agents for thetreatment of a hyperlipidemic condition or conditions.

[0024] Still another aspect of the invention comprises pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising one or more of the novel 1,4- and1,5-benzothiazepine compounds corresponding to Formula VII that aresuitable for use in treating a hyperlipidemic condition or conditions.

[0025] Still another aspect of the invention comprises methods for thetreatment of a hyperlipidemic condition or conditions comprisingadministering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of one ormore of the novel 1,4- and 1,5-benzothiazepine compounds correspondingto Formula VII.

[0026] Still another aspect of the invention comprises methods of makingthe novel 1,4- and 1,5-benzothiazepine compounds corresponding toFormula VII.

[0027] Other aspects of the invention will be in part apparent and inpart pointed out hereinafter.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

[0028] The present invention comprises novel 1,4- and1,5-benzothiazepine compounds that are safe and effectiveanti-hyperlipidemic agents. These compounds generally exhibit one ormore superior characteristics relative to conventional 1,4- and1,5-benzothiazepine compounds previously disclosed in the literature astherapeutic agents. These characteristics can include, but are notlimited to, for example: (a) improved potency, (b) an improvedsolubility profile, (c) improved compatibility with conventional routesof oral administration, (d) an improved safety profile, and (e)elimination of a chiral center at the 3-position carbon ring atomwithout a significant loss in potency relative to the correspondingconventional 1,4- and 1,5-benzothiazepine compounds having a chiralcenter at the 3-position carbon ring atom and lacking the novelsubstituent(s) present in the claimed compounds.

[0029] The compounds of the present invention are useful for, but notlimited to, the treatment of a hyperlipidemic condition or conditions ina subject, including the prophylactic or preventative treatment of ahyperlipidemic condition or conditions in a subject. The methods,combinations, compositions and kits of the present invention also areuseful for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of gallstones. Besides beinguseful for human treatment, these methods and compounds are also usefulfor veterinary treatment of companion animals, exotic animals and farmanimals, including mammals, rodents, and the like. More preferredanimals include horses, dogs, and cats.

[0030] More specifically, the present invention comprises a class ofcompounds useful in treating a hyperlipidemic condition that is definedby Formula I:

[0031] wherein:

[0032] j is 0, 1 or 2; and

[0033] m is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and

[0034] R^(1A) and R^(1B) are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen and hydrocarbyl, wherein said hydrocarbyl may beoptionally substituted with one or more groups comprising one or moreheteroatoms, and

[0035] wherein said hydrocarbyl optionally may have one or more carbonatoms replaced by one or more heteroatoms independently selected fromthe group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus;

[0036] R^(2A) and R^(2B) are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen and hydrocarbyl, wherein said hydrocarbyl may beoptionally substituted with one or more groups comprising one or moreheteroatoms, and

[0037] wherein said hydrocarbyl optionally may have one or more carbonatoms replaced by one or more heteroatoms independently selected fromthe group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus;

[0038] one of Z and Y is NR³ and the other of Z and Y is CHR⁴;

[0039] wherein R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, oxo, hydrocarbyl; —R⁵; —OR⁹; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —SR⁹;—S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; and —SO₃R⁹; wherein said hydrocarbyl may be optionallysubstituted with one or more groups comprising one or more heteroatoms,and wherein said hydrocarbyl optionally may have one or more carbonatoms replaced by one or more heteroatoms independently selected fromthe group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus;

[0040] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen; hydrocarbyl; amino; and hydrocarbylamino;wherein said hydrocarbyl moeities may be optionally substituted with oneor more groups comprising one or more heteroatoms, and wherein saidhydrocarbyl moieties optionally may have one or more carbon atomsreplaced by one or more heteroatoms independently selected from thegroup consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus; and

[0041] R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; alkyl;cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; —OR⁹; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; and —SO₃R⁹;

[0042] wherein R⁵ group optionally may be substituted with one or moreradicals independently selected from the group consisting of halogen;—NO₂; —CN; oxo; hydrocarbyl; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴; —SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³; —SO₂R¹³;—SO₃R¹³; —NR¹³OR¹⁴; —NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —CO₂R¹³; —OM; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴;—C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM; —COR¹³; —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴; —NR¹³C(O)NR¹⁴R¹⁵;—NR¹³CO₂R¹⁴; —OC(O)R¹³; —OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹³SOR¹⁴; —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴;—NR¹³SONR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³SO₂NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —PR¹³R¹⁴; —P⁺R¹³R¹⁴; —P⁺R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻;——P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; and —N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; wherein said hydrocarbylmay be optionally substituted with one or more groups comprising one ormore heteroatoms, and wherein said hydrocarbyl optionally may have oneor more carbon atoms replaced by one or more heteroatoms independentlyselected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur andphosphorus;

[0043] wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen or hydrocarbyl, wherein said hydrocarbylmay be optionally substituted with one or more groups comprising one ormore heteroatoms, and wherein said hydrocarbyl optionally may have oneor more carbon atoms replaced by one or more heteroatoms independentlyselected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur andphosphorus; or

[0044] wherein R¹³ and R¹⁴ together with the nitrogen atom to which theyare attached form a mono- or polycyclic heterocyclyl that is optionallysubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof oxo, carboxy, and quaternary salts; or

[0045] wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ together with the nitrogen atom to which theyare attached form a cyclic ring; and

[0046] wherein A⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion, and M is apharmaceutically acceptable cation; and

[0047] wherein R⁹ is as defined above; and

[0048] one or more R⁶ radicals are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen; halogen; —CN; —NO₂; hydrocarbyl; —R⁵; —OR¹³;—NR¹³R¹⁴; —SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³; —S(O)₂R¹³; —SO₃R¹³; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; —NR¹³OR¹⁴;—NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —OM; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹⁴C(O)R¹³; —C(O)OM;—S(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; —PR¹³R¹⁴; —P(O)R¹³R¹⁴; —P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻;amino acid residue; peptide residue; polypeptide residue; andcarbohydrate residue, wherein said hydrocarbyl may be optionallysubstituted with one or more groups comprising one or more heteroatoms,and wherein said hydrocarbyl optionally may have one or more carbonatoms replaced by one or more heteroatoms independently selected fromthe group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus; and

[0049] wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, A⁻, and M are as defined above; or

[0050] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof;and

[0051] provided that at least one of R³, R⁴ and R⁶ is R⁵; and

[0052] provided that at least one of the following conditions issatisfied:

[0053] (a) the R⁵ moiety possesses an overall positive charge; and/or

[0054] (b) the R⁵ moiety comprises a quaternary ammonium group or aquaternary amine salt; and/or

[0055] (c) the R⁵ moiety comprises a phosphonic acid group or at leasttwo carboxyl groups; and/or

[0056] (d) the R⁵ moiety comprises a polyethylene glycol group having amolecular weight of at least 1000.

[0057] Preferably, the class of compounds is defined by Formula Iwherein:

[0058] j is 0, 1 or 2; and

[0059] m is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and

[0060] R^(1A) and R^(1B) are independently selected from hydrogen andalkyl; and

[0061] R^(2A) and R^(2B) are independently selected from hydrogen,alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl and aralkyl;or

[0062] R^(2A) and R^(2B) together with the carbon atom to which they areattached form a C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl group; and

[0063] one of Z and Y is NR³ and the other of Z and Y is CHR⁴;

[0064] wherein R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, oxo, acyl, thioacyl, and R⁵; and

[0065] wherein R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl;cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; —OR⁹; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; —S(O)₂R⁹; and —SO₃R⁹;

[0066] wherein the R⁵ alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; and quaternary heterocyclyl radical is substituted withone or more radicals independently selected from the group consisting ofhalogen; —CN; —NO₂; oxo; alkyl; polyalkyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl;cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; polyether; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴;—SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³; —SO₂R¹³; —SO₃R¹³; —NR¹³ OR¹⁴; —NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —CO₂R¹³;—OM; —SO₂OM; —S₂NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM; —COR¹³; —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴;—NR¹³C(O)NR¹⁴ R¹⁵; —NR¹³CO₂R¹⁴; —OC(O)R¹³; —OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹³SOR¹⁴;—NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴; —NR¹³SONR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³SO₂NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —PR¹³R¹⁴; —P(O)R¹³R¹⁴;—P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; —P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; and —N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; and

[0067] wherein the alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl,cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, quaternaryheterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyether substituentsof the R⁵ radical optionally may be further substituted with one or moreradicals selected from the group consisting of —CN; halogen; hydroxy;oxo; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; —OR⁷—NR⁷R⁸; —SR⁷; —S(O)R⁷;—SO₂R⁷; —SO₃R⁷; —CO₂R⁷; —CONR⁷R⁸; —N⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; —P(O)R⁷R⁸; —PR⁷R⁸;—P⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; and —P(O)(OR⁷)OR⁸; and

[0068] wherein the alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl,cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, quaternaryheterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyether substituentsof the R⁵ radical optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by—O—; —NR⁷—; —N⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁷A⁻-; —PR⁷—; —P(O)R⁷—;—P⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; or phenylene; and

[0069] wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen; and alkyl; and

[0070] wherein R⁹, R¹⁰, and R^(w) are independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; alkylammoniumalkyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl; carboxyaryl;carboxyheterocyclyl; amino; alkylamino; carboxyalkylamino;alkoxyalkylamino; and acyl; and

[0071] wherein R¹¹ and R¹² are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen; —CN; halogen; oxo; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl;aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl;alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; cycloalkenyl; haloalkyl;hydroxyalkyl; cyanoalkyl; —OR⁹; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹;—CO₂R⁹; and —CONR⁹R¹⁰; or

[0072] R¹¹ and R¹² together with the carbon atom to which they areattached form a cyclic ring; and

[0073] wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen; alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl; polyalkyl;alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl;arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl; alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl;aminocarbonylalkyl; alkylaminocarbonylalkyl;carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyether; or

[0074] wherein R¹³ and R¹⁴ together with the nitrogen atom to which theyare attached form a mono- or polycyclic heterocyclyl that is optionallysubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof oxo, carboxy, and quaternary salts; or

[0075] wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ together with the nitrogen atom to which theyare attached form a cyclic ring; and

[0076] wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaiminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may be substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; sulfo; oxo; alkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; sulfoalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;carboxy; carboxyalkyl; guanidinyl; —OR¹⁶; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻;—SR¹⁶; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R¹⁶; —CO₂R¹⁶; —CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰;—PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; —P⁹R¹⁰; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰R¹¹A⁻; —S⁺R⁹R¹⁰A-; and carbohydrateresidue; and

[0077] wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁹—;—N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁹A⁻-; —PR⁹—; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —P(O)R⁹—;phenylene; carbohydrate residue; amino acid residue; peptide residue; orpolypeptide residue; and

[0078] wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of R⁹ and M; and

[0079] wherein A⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable cation and M is apharmaceutically acceptable cation; and

[0080] one or more R⁶ radicals are independently selected from the groupconsisting of R⁵, hydrogen; halogen; —CN; —NO₂; alkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;polyether; acyloxy; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴; —SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³; —S(O)₂R¹³;—SO₃R¹³; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; —NR¹³OR¹⁴; —NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —CO₂R¹³; —OM; —SO₂OM;—SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹⁴C(O)R¹; —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM; —COR¹³; —OR⁸;—S(O)_(n)NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR³R⁸; —NR⁸OR; —N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; —PR¹³R¹⁴; P(O)R¹³R¹⁴;—P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; amino acid residue; peptide residue; polypeptideresidue; and carbohydrate residue;

[0081] wherein the R⁶ alkyl; cycloalkyl; polyalkyl; haloalkyl;hydroxyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; polyether; acyloxy radicals optionally may be furthersubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof halogen; —CN; oxo; —OR¹⁶; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻; —SR^(16;)

[0082] —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R¹⁶; —CO₂R¹⁶; —CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰;—PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; —P⁹R¹⁰; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰R¹¹R¹²A⁻; —S⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻; and carbohydrateresidue; and

[0083] wherein the R⁶ quaternary heterocyclyl radical optionally may besubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof halogen; —CN; —NO₂; oxo; alkyl; cycloalkyl; polyalkyl; haloalkyl;hydroxyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; polyether; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴; —SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³; —SO₂R¹³;—SO₃R¹³; —NR¹³OR¹⁴; —NR¹³NR¹⁴ R¹⁵; —CO₂R¹³; OM; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴;—C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM; —COR¹³; —P(O)R¹³R¹⁴; —P¹³R¹⁴; —P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻;—P¹³)OR¹⁴); —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; —N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; and carbohydrate residue; and

[0084] wherein the R⁶ radicals comprising carbon optionally may have oneor more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR¹³—; —N⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—;—S⁺R¹³A⁻-; —PR¹³—; —P(O)R¹³; —PR¹³R¹⁴; —P⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; phenylene; aminoacid residue; peptide residue; polypeptide residue; carbohydrateresidue; polyether; or polyalkyl; wherein said phenylene; amino acidresidue; peptide residue; polypeptide residue; carbohydrate residue; andpolyalkyl optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—;—NR⁹—; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—S⁺R⁹A⁻-; —PR⁹—; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; or—P(O)R⁹—; and

[0085] wherein R¹⁸ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl;alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl;arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; acyl; alkoxycarbonyl; arylalkoxycarbonyl;and heterocyclylalkoxycarbonyl; and

[0086] wherein the R¹⁸ alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl;quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; acyl;alkoxycarbonyl; arylalkoxycarbonyl; and heterocyclylalkoxycarbonylradicals optionally may be substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; NO₂; oxo; —OR⁹;—NR⁹R¹⁰; —N⁺R⁹R¹¹R¹²A⁻; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹; —CO₂R⁹;—CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰; —PR⁹R¹⁰; —P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴; —PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; and—C(O)OM; or

[0087] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof;

[0088] provided that at least one of R³, R⁴ and R⁶ is R⁵; and

[0089] provided that at least one of the following conditions issatisfied:

[0090] (a) the R⁵ moiety possesses an overall positive charge; and/or

[0091] (b) the R⁵ moiety comprises a quaternary ammonium group or aquaternary amine salt; and/or

[0092] (c) the R⁵ moiety comprises a phosphonic acid group or at leasttwo carboxyl groups; and/or

[0093] (d) the R⁵ moiety comprises a polyethylene glycol group having amolecular weight of at least 1000.

[0094] In one embodiment of the compounds of Formula I, R⁵ is arylsubstituted with one or more radicals independently selected from thegroup consisting of halogen; —CN; —NO₂; oxo; alkyl; polyalkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;polyether; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴; —SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³; —SO₂R¹³; —SO₃R¹³;—NR¹³OR¹⁴; —NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —CO₂R¹³; —OM; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴;—C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM; —COR¹³; —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴; —NR¹³C(O)NR¹⁴R¹⁵;—NR¹³CO₂R¹⁴; —OC(O)R¹³; —OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹³SOR¹⁴; —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴;—NR¹³SO₂N¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³SO₂NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —PR¹³R¹⁴; —P(O)R¹³R¹⁴; —P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻;—P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; and —N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; and

[0095] wherein the alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl,cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, quaternaryheterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyether substituentsof the R⁵ aryl optionally may be further substituted with one or moreradicals selected from the group consisting of —CN; halogen; hydroxy;oxo; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; —OR⁷; —NR⁷R⁸; —SR⁷; —S(O)R⁷;—SO₂R⁷; —SO₃R⁷; —CO₂R⁷—CONR⁷R⁸—N R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; —P(O)R⁷R⁸; —P⁺R⁷R⁸;—P⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; and —P(O)(OR⁷)OR⁸; and

[0096] wherein the alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl,cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, quaternaryheterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyether substituentsof the R⁵ aryl optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—;—NR⁷—; —N⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁷A⁻; —PR⁷ —; —P(O)R⁷—;—P⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; or phenylene; and

[0097] wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen; and alkyl; and

[0098] wherein R⁹, R¹⁰, and R^(w) are independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; alkylammoniumalkyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl; carboxyaryl;carboxyheterocyclyl; amino; alkylamino; carboxyalkylamino;alkoxyalkylamino; and acyl; and

[0099] wherein R¹¹ and R¹² are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen; —CN; halogen; oxo; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl;aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl;alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; cycloalkenyl; haloalkyl;hydroxyalkyl; cyanoalkyl; —OR⁹; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹;—CO₂R⁹; and —CONR⁹R¹⁰; or

[0100] R¹¹ and R¹² together with the carbon atom to which they areattached form a cyclic ring; and

[0101] wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen; alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl; polyalkyl;alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl;arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl; alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl;aminocarbonylalkyl; alkylaminocarbonylalkyl;carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyether; or

[0102] wherein R¹³ and R¹⁴ together with the nitrogen atom to which theyare attached form a mono- or polycyclic heterocyclyl that is optionallysubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof oxo, carboxy, and quaternary salts; or

[0103] wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ together with the nitrogen atom to which theyare attached form a cyclic ring; and

[0104] wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may be substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; sulfo; oxo; alkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; sulfoalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;carboxy; carboxyalkyl; guanidinyl; —OR¹⁶; —NR⁹R¹⁰—N⁺R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻; —SR¹⁶;—S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R¹⁶; —CO₂R¹⁶; —CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰R¹A⁻;—S⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻; and carbohydrate residue; and

[0105] wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁹—;—N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁹A⁻-; —PR⁹—; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻; —P(O)R⁹—;phenylene; carbohydrate residue; amino acid residue; peptide residue; orpolypeptide residue; and

[0106] wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of R⁹ and M; and

[0107] wherein A⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion and M is apharmaceutically acceptable cation.

[0108] In another embodiment of the compounds of Formula I, R⁵ is:

[0109] wherein

[0110] k is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and

[0111] one or more R¹⁹ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of halogen; —CN; —NO₂; oxo; alkyl; polyalkyl; haloalkyl;hydroxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl;quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; polyether; —OR¹³;—NR¹³R¹⁴; —SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³; —SO₂R¹³; —SO₃R¹³; —NR¹³OR¹⁴; —NR³NR⁴R⁵;—CO₂R¹³; —OM; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM; —COR¹³;—NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴; —NR¹³C(O)NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³CO₂R¹⁴; —OC(O)R¹³; —OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴;—NR¹³SOR¹⁴; —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴; —NR¹³SONR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³SO₂NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —PR¹³R¹⁴;—P(O)R¹³R¹⁴; —P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; —P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; and—N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; and

[0112] wherein the R¹⁹ alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl,cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, quaternaryheterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyether radicalsoptionally may be further substituted with one or more radicals selectedfrom the group consisting of —CN; halogen; hydroxy; oxo; alkyl;cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; —OR⁷; —NR⁷R⁸; —SR⁷; —S(O)R⁷;—SO₂R⁷; —SO₃R⁷; —CO₂R⁷; —CONR⁷R⁸; —N⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; —P(O)R⁷R⁸;—PR⁷R⁸—P⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; and —P(O)(OR⁷)OR⁸; and

[0113] wherein the R¹⁹ alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl,cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, quaternaryheterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyether radicalsoptionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁷—;—N⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁷A⁻-; —PR⁷—; —P(O)R⁷—; —P⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; orphenylene; and

[0114] wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen; and alkyl; and

[0115] wherein R⁹, R¹⁰ and R^(w) are independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; alkylammoniumalkyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl; carboxyaryl;carboxyheterocyclyl; amino; alkylamino; carboxyalkylamino;alkoxyalkylamino; and acyl; and

[0116] wherein R¹¹ and R¹² are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen; —CN; halogen; oxo; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl;aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl;alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; cycloalkenyl; haloalkyl;hydroxyalkyl; cyanoalkyl; —OR⁹; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹;—CO₂R⁹; and —CONR⁹R¹⁰; or

[0117] R¹¹ and R¹² together with the carbon atom to which they areattached form a cyclic ring; and

[0118] wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen; alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl; polyalkyl;alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl;arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl; alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl;aminocarbonylalkyl; alkylaminocarbonylalkyl;carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyether; or

[0119] wherein R¹³ and R¹⁴ together with the nitrogen atom to which theyare attached form a mono- or polycyclic heterocyclyl that is optionallysubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof oxo, carboxy, and quaternary salts; or

[0120] wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ together with the nitrogen atom to which theyare attached form a cyclic ring; and

[0121] wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may be substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; sulfo; oxo; alkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; sulfoalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;carboxy; carboxyalkyl; guanidinyl; —OR¹⁶; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —N+R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻;—SR¹⁶; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R¹⁶; —CO₂R¹⁶; —CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰;—PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; —P⁹R¹⁰; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰R¹¹A-; —S⁺R⁹R¹⁰A-; and carbohydrateresidue; and

[0122] wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁹—;—N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁹A⁻-; —PR⁹—; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —P(O)R⁹—;phenylene; carbohydrate residue; amino acid residue; peptide residue; orpolypeptide residue; and

[0123] wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of R⁹ and M; and

[0124] wherein A⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion and M is apharmaceutically acceptable cation.

[0125] In another embodiment, R⁵ is:

[0126] wherein R¹⁹ is as defined above.

[0127] In another embodiment, R⁵ is:

[0128] wherein R¹⁹ is as defined above.

[0129] In another embodiment:

[0130] R¹⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of —OR¹³,—NR¹³R¹⁴, —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴, —OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, and —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴ and

[0131] wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are independently selected from thegroup consisting of alkyl, polyether, aryl, quaternary heterocycle,arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, quaternary heterocyclylalkyl,alkylheterocyclylalkyl, and alkylammoniumalkyl,

[0132] wherein alkyl optionally has one or more carbons replaced by O orN⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻, and

[0133] wherein R¹³ R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are optionally substituted with one ormore groups selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, carboxy,alkyl, quaternary heterocyclylalkyl, —SR⁹, —S(O)R⁹, —S(O)₂R⁹, —S(O)₃R⁹,—NR⁹R¹⁰, N⁺R⁹R¹¹R¹²A⁻, —CONR⁹R¹⁰, and —PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷, and

[0134] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, alkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, carboxyalkyl,carboalkoxyalkyl, and carboxyalkylheterocycle; and

[0135] wherein R¹¹ and R¹² are independently alkyl; and

[0136] wherein A⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion and M is apharmaceutically acceptable cation.

[0137] In another embodiment:

[0138] R¹⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of −0R¹³,—NR¹³R¹⁴, —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴—OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, and —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴, and

[0139] wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are independently selected from thegroup consisting of polyether, aryl, quaternary heterocycle, arylalkyl,heterocyclylalkyl, quaternary heterocyclylalkyl, andalkylheterocyclylalkyl,

[0140] wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are optionally substituted with one ormore groups selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, carboxy,alkyl, quaternary heterocyclylalkyl, —SR⁹, —S(O)R⁹, —S(O)₂R⁹, —S(O)₃R⁹,—NR⁹R¹⁰, N⁺R⁹R¹¹R¹²A⁻, —CONR⁹R¹⁰, and —PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷, and

[0141] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, alkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, carboxyalkyl,carboalkoxyalkyl, and carboxyalkylheterocycle; and

[0142] wherein R¹¹ and R¹² are independently alkyl; and

[0143] wherein A⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion and M is apharmaceutically acceptable cation.

[0144] In another embodiment, R¹⁹ is selected from the group consistingof: TABLE 1 R¹⁹ (1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

(14)

(15)

(15a)

(16)

(17)

(18)

(19)

(20)

(21)

(22)

(23)

(24) M = Co^(II,III), Mn^(II,III), Fe^(II,III), Ni^(II,III), Cr^(III),Cu^(II), Zn^(II), Cd^(II), Ga^(III), In^(III), V^(IV), Ru^(II), Pr^(IV),Rh^(III) or Ir^(III) (25)

(26)

(27)

(28)

(29)

(30)

(31)

(32)

(33)

(34)

(35)

(36)

(37)

(38)

(39)

(40)

(41)

(42)

(43)

(44)

(45)

(46)

(47)

(48)

(49)

(50)

(51)

(52)

(53)

(54)

(55)

(56)

(57)

(58)

(59)

(60)

(61)

(62)

(63)

(64)

(65)

(66)

(67)

(68)

(69)

(70)

[0145] Optionally, R¹⁹ may be selected from the following: (1)-(24),(25)-(48) or (49)-(70) from Table 1. Further, R¹⁹ may be acidic orcontain a quaternary ammonium nitrogen. Even further, R¹⁹ may beselected from the following: (1)-(5), (6)-(10), (11)-(15), (16)-(20),(21)-(25), (26)-(30), (31)-(35), (36)-(40), (41)-(45), (46)-(50),(51)-(55), (56)-(60), (61)-(65), (66)-(70), or combinations thereof.

[0146] In another embodiment of the compounds of Formula I, R³ is R⁵;and

[0147] R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl.

[0148] In another embodiment of the compounds of Formula I, R³ isselected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl; and R⁴ is R⁵.

[0149] In another embodiment of the compounds of Formula I:

[0150] R³ is R⁵; and

[0151] R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; oxo; alkyl;cycloalkyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; acyl, thioacyl, and —OR⁹;

[0152] wherein the R⁴ alkyl; cycloalkyl; aryl; heterocyclyl radical issubstituted with one or more radicals independently selected from thegroup consisting of halogen; —CN; —NO₂; oxo; alkyl; polyalkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;polyether; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴; —SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³; —SO₂R¹³; —SO₃R¹³;—NR¹³OR¹⁴; —NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —CO₂R¹³; —OM; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴;—C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM; —COR¹³; —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴; —NR¹³C(O)NR¹⁴R¹⁵;—NR¹³CO₂R¹⁴; —OC(O)R¹³; —OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹³SOR¹⁴; —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴;—NR¹³SONR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³SO₂NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —PR¹³R¹⁴; —P(O)R¹³R¹⁴; —P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻;—P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴; —S⁺R 13R¹⁴A⁻; and N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; and

[0153] wherein the alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl,cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, quaternaryheterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyether substituentsof the R⁴ radical optionally may be further substituted with one or moreradicals selected from the group consisting of —CN; halogen; hydroxy;oxo; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; —OR⁷; —NR⁷R⁸; —SR⁷; —S(O)R⁷;—SO₂R⁷; —SO₃R⁷; —CO₂R⁷; —CONR⁷R⁸; —N⁺R⁷R⁸ R⁹A-; —P(O)R⁷R⁸; —PR⁷R⁸;—P⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; and

[0154] —P(O)(OR⁷)OR⁸; and

[0155] wherein the alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl,cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, quaternaryheterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyether substituentsof the R⁴ radical optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by—O—; —NR⁷—; —N⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁷A⁻-; —PR⁷—; —P(O)R⁷—;—P⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; or phenylene; and

[0156] wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen; and alkyl; and

[0157] wherein R⁹, R¹⁰, and R^(w) are independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; alkylammoniumalkyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl; carboxyaryl;carboxyheterocyclyl; amino; alkylamino; carboxyalkylamino;alkoxyalkylamino; and acyl; and

[0158] wherein R¹¹ and R¹² are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen; —CN; halogen; oxo; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl;aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl;alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; cycloalkenyl; haloalkyl;hydroxyalkyl; cyanoalkyl; —OR⁹; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹;—CO₂R⁹; and —CONR⁹R¹⁰; or

[0159] R¹¹ and R¹² together with the carbon atom to which they areattached form a cyclic ring; and

[0160] wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen; alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl; polyalkyl;alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl;arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl; alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl;aminocarbonylalkyl; alkylaminocarbonylalkyl;carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyether; or

[0161] wherein R¹³ and R¹⁴ together with the nitrogen atom to which theyare attached form a mono- or polycyclic heterocyclyl that is optionallysubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof oxo, carboxy, and quaternary salts; or

[0162] wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ together with the nitrogen atom to which theyare attached form a cyclic ring; and

[0163] wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may be substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; sulfo; oxo; alkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; sulfoalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;carboxy; carboxyalkyl; guanidinyl; —OR¹⁶; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —N+R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻;—SR¹⁶; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R¹⁶; —CO₂R¹⁶; —CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰;—PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; —P⁹R¹⁰; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰R¹¹A⁻; —S⁺R R¹⁰A⁻; and carbohydrateresidue; and

[0164] wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁹—;—N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁹A⁻-; —PR⁹—; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻; —P(O)R⁹—;phenylene; carbohydrate residue; amino acid residue; peptide residue; orpolypeptide residue; and

[0165] wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of R⁹ and M; and

[0166] wherein A⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable cation and M is apharmaceutically acceptable cation.

[0167] In another embodiment of the compounds of Formula I:

[0168] R³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; oxo; alkyl;cycloalkyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; acyl, thioacyl, and —OR⁹;

[0169] wherein the R³ alkyl; cycloalkyl; aryl; heterocyclyl radical issubstituted with one or more radicals independently selected from thegroup consisting of halogen; —CN; —NO₂; oxo; alkyl; polyalkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;polyether; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴; —SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³; —SO₂R¹³; —SO₃R¹³;—NR¹³OR¹⁴; —NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —CO₂R¹³; —OM; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴;—C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM; —COR¹³; —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴; —NR¹³C(O)NR¹⁴R¹⁵;—NR¹³CO₂R¹⁴; —OC(O)R¹³; —OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹³SOR¹⁴; —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴;—NR¹³SONR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³SO₂NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —PR¹³R¹⁴; —P(O)R¹³R 14 P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻;—P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A; and —N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵ A⁻; and

[0170] wherein the alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl,cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, quaternaryheterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyether substituentsof the R³ radical optionally may be further substituted with one or moreradicals selected from the group consisting of —CN; halogen; hydroxy;oxo; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; —OR⁷—NR⁷R⁸; —SR⁷; —S(O)R⁷;—SO₂R⁷; —SO₃R⁷; CO₂R⁷; —CONR⁷R⁸; —N⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; —P(O)R⁷R⁸; —PR⁷R⁸;—P⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; and —P(O)(OR⁷)OR⁸; and

[0171] wherein the alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl,cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, quaternaryheterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyether substituentsof the R³ radical optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by—O—; —NR⁷—; —N⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S+A⁻-; —PR⁷—; —P(O)R⁷—;—P⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; or phenylene; and

[0172] wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen; and alkyl; and

[0173] wherein R⁹, R¹⁰, and R^(w) are independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; alkylammoniumalkyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl; carboxyaryl;carboxyheterocyclyl; amino; alkylamino; carboxyalkylamino;alkoxyalkylamino; and acyl; and

[0174] wherein R¹¹ and R¹² are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen; —CN; halogen; oxo; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl;aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl;alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; cycloalkenyl; haloalkyl;hydroxyalkyl; cyanoalkyl; —OR⁹; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹;—CO₂R⁹; and —CONR⁹R¹⁰; or

[0175] R¹¹ and R¹² together with the carbon atom to which they areattached form a cyclic ring; and

[0176] wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen; alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl; polyalkyl;alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl;arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl; alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl;aminocarbonylalkyl; alkylaminocarbonylalkyl;carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyether; or

[0177] wherein R¹³ and R¹⁴ together with the nitrogen atom to which theyare attached form a mono- or polycyclic heterocyclyl that is optionallysubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof oxo, carboxy, and quaternary salts; or

[0178] wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ together with the nitrogen atom to which theyare attached form a cyclic ring; and

[0179] wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may be substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; sulfo; oxo; alkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; sulfoalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;carboxy; carboxyalkyl; guanidinyl; —OR¹⁶; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻;—SR¹⁶; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R¹⁶; —CO₂R¹⁶; —CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰;—PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; —P⁹R¹⁰R¹¹A-; —S⁺R⁹R¹⁰A-; and carbohydrate residue; and

[0180] wherein the R³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁹—;—N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁹A⁻-; —PR⁹—; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —P(O)R⁹—;phenylene; carbohydrate residue; amino acid residue; peptide residue; orpolypeptide residue; and

[0181] wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of R⁹ and M; and

[0182] wherein A⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable cation and M is apharmaceutically acceptable cation; and

[0183] R⁴ is R⁵.

[0184] Within the compounds of Formula I is a class of compounds ofspecific interest corresponding to Formula IA:

[0185] wherein: j=1 or 2;

[0186] R^(1A) and R^(1B) are independently selected from hydrogen andalkyl; and

[0187] R^(2A) and R^(2B) are independently selected from hydrogen,alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, and aralkyl;or

[0188] R^(2A) and R^(2B) together with the carbon atom to which they areattached form a C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl group; and

[0189] independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,oxo, acyl, thioacyl, and R⁵; and

[0190] j, m, R³, R⁴ and R⁶ are as previously defined above for thecompounds of Formula I;

[0191] provided that at least one of R³, R⁴ and R⁶ is R⁵; and

[0192] provided that the R⁵ alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, and—OR⁹ radicals are not substituted with —O(CH₂)₁₋₄NR′R″R′″ wherein R′, R″and R′″ are independently selected from hydrogen and alkyl; and

[0193] provided that at least one of the following conditions issatisfied:

[0194] (a) the R⁵ moiety possesses an overall positive charge; and/or

[0195] (b) the R⁵ moiety comprises a quaternary ammonium group or aquaternary amine salt; and/or

[0196] (c) the R⁵ moiety comprises at least two carboxy groups.

[0197] Within the compounds of Formula I is another class of compoundsof specific interest corresponding to Formula IB:

[0198] wherein: j=1 or 2;

[0199] R^(1A) and R^(1B) are independently selected from hydrogen andalkyl; and

[0200] R^(2A) and R^(2B) are independently selected from hydrogen,alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, and aralkyl;or

[0201] R^(2A) and R^(2B) together with the carbon atom to which they areattached form a C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl group; and

[0202] independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,oxo, acyl, thioacyl, and R⁵; and

[0203] j, m, R³, R⁴ and R⁶ are as previously defined above for thecompounds of Formula I;

[0204] provided that at least one of R³, R⁴ and R⁶ is R⁵; and

[0205] provided that the R⁵ alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, and—OR⁹ radicals are not substituted with —O(CH₂)₁₋₄NR′R″R′″ wherein R′, R″and R′″ are independently selected from hydrogen and alkyl; and

[0206] provided that at least one of the following conditions issatisfied:

[0207] (a) the R⁵ moiety possesses an overall positive charge; and/or

[0208] (b) the R⁵ moiety comprises a quaternary ammonium group or aquaternary amine salt; and/or

[0209] (c) the R⁵ moiety comprises at least two carboxy groups.

[0210] Within the compounds of Formula I is a class of compounds ofparticular interest corresponding to Formula m:

[0211] wherein:

[0212] R^(2C) and R^(2D) are independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl; and

[0213] R²⁰ is selected from the group consisting of halogen and R²³;

[0214] R²¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, alkoxy, andR²³; and

[0215] wherein R²³ is aryl substituted with one or more radicalsindependently selected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; —NO₂;oxo; alkyl; polyalkyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl;alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; polyether; —OR¹³—NR¹³R¹⁴ SR¹³; —S(O)R³; —SO₂R¹³;—SO₃R¹³; —NR¹³OR¹⁴; —NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —CO₂R³; OM; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴;C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM; —COR¹³ NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴; —NR¹³C(O)NR¹⁴R!⁵; —NR¹³CO₂R¹⁴;—OC(O)R¹³; —OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹³SOR¹⁴; —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴; —NR¹³SONR¹⁴R¹⁵;—NR¹³SO₂NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —PR¹³R¹⁴—P(O)R¹³R ¹⁴; —P⁺R¹³ R¹⁴R¹⁵A-; —P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴;—S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A; and —N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; and

[0216] wherein the alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl,cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, quaternaryheterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyether substituentsof the R²³ aryl optionally may be further substituted with one or moreradicals selected from the group consisting of —CN; halogen; hydroxy;oxo; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; —OR⁷; —NR⁷R⁸; —SR⁷; —S(O)R⁷;—SO₂R⁷; —SO₃R⁷; —CO₂R⁷; —CONR⁷R⁸; —N⁺R⁷ R⁸R⁹A⁻; —P(O)R⁷R⁸; —PR⁷R⁸;—P⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; and —P(O)(OR⁷)OR⁸; and

[0217] wherein the alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl,cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, quaternaryheterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyether substituentsof the R²³ aryl optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—;—NR⁷—; —N⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁷A⁻-; —PR⁷—; —P(O)R⁷—;—P⁺R⁷R⁸A³¹ -; or phenylene; and

[0218] wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen; and alkyl; and

[0219] wherein R⁹, R¹⁰, and R^(w) are independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; alkylammoniumalkyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl; carboxyaryl;carboxyheterocyclyl; amino; alkylamino; carboxyalkylamino;alkoxyalkylamino; and acyl; and

[0220] wherein R¹¹ and R¹² are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen; —CN; halogen; oxo; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl;aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl;alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; cycloalkenyl; haloalkyl;hydroxyalkyl; cyanoalkyl; —OR⁹; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹;—CO₂R⁹; and —CONR⁹R¹⁰; or

[0221] R¹¹ and R¹² together with the carbon atom to which they areattached form a cyclic ring; and

[0222] wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen; alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl; polyalkyl;alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl;arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl; alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl;aminocarbonylalkyl; alkylaminocarbonylalkyl;carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyether; or

[0223] wherein R¹³ and R¹⁴ together with the nitrogen atom to which theyare attached form a mono- or polycyclic heterocyclyl that is optionallysubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof oxo, carboxy, and quaternary salts; or

[0224] wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ together with the nitrogen atom to which theyare attached form a cyclic ring; and

[0225] wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may be substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; sulfo; oxo; alkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; sulfoalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;carboxy; carboxyalkyl; guanidinyl; —OR¹⁶; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻;—SR¹⁶; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R¹⁶; —CO₂R¹⁶; —CONR⁹R¹⁰;—SO₂NR⁹R^(10; —PO(OR) ¹⁶)OR¹⁷; —P⁹R¹⁰; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰R¹¹A-; —S⁺R⁹R¹⁰A-; andcarbohydrate residue; and

[0226] wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁹—;—N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁹A⁻-; —PR⁹—; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —P(O)R⁹—;phenylene; carbohydrate residue; amino acid residue; peptide residue; orpolypeptide residue; and

[0227] wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of R⁹ and M; and

[0228] wherein A⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion and M is apharmaceutically acceptable cation; and

[0229] R²² is unsubstituted phenyl or R²³; or

[0230] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof;

[0231] provided that at least one of R²⁰, R²¹ and R²² is R²³.

[0232] Preferably, R²³ is:

[0233] wherein

[0234] p is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and

[0235] one or more R²⁴ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of halogen; —CN; —NO₂; oxo; alkyl; polyalkyl; haloalkyl;hydroxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl;quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; polyether, —OR¹³;—NR¹³R¹⁴; —SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³; —SO₂R¹³; —SO₃R¹³; —NR¹³NR¹⁴; R¹⁵; —CO₂R¹³,—OM; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM; —COR¹³; —NR³ C(O)R¹⁴;—NR¹³C(O)NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³CO₂R¹⁴; —OC(O)R¹³; —OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹³SOR¹⁴;—NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴; —NR¹³SONR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³SO₂NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —PR¹³R¹⁴; —P(O)R¹³R¹⁴;—P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; —P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; and —N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; and

[0236] wherein the R²⁴ alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl,cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, quaternaryheterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyether radicalsoptionally may be further substituted with one or more radicals selectedfrom the group consisting of —CN; halogen; hydroxy; oxo; alkyl;cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; —OR⁷; —NR⁷R⁸; —SR⁷; —S(O)R⁷;—SO₂R⁷; —SO₃R⁷; —CO₂R⁷; —CONR⁷R⁸; —N⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; —P(O)R⁷R⁸;—PR⁷R⁸—P⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; and —P(O)(OR⁷)OR⁸; and

[0237] wherein the R²⁴ alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl,cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, quaternaryheterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyether radicalsoptionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁷—;—N⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁷A⁻-; —PR⁷—; —P(O)R⁷—; —P⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; orphenylene; and

[0238] wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen; and alkyl; and

[0239] wherein R⁹, R¹⁰, and R^(w) are independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; alkylammoniumalkyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl; carboxyaryl;carboxyheterocyclyl; amino; alkylamino; carboxyalkylamino;alkoxyalkylamino; and acyl; and

[0240] wherein R¹¹ and R¹² are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen; —CN; halogen; oxo; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl;aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl;alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; cycloalkenyl; haloalkyl;hydroxyalkyl; cyanoalkyl; —OR⁹; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹;—CO₂R⁹; and —CONR⁹R¹⁰; or

[0241] R¹¹ and R¹² together with the carbon atom to which they areattached form a cyclic ring; and

[0242] wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen; alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl; polyalkyl;alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl;arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl; alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl;aminocarbonylalkyl; alkylaminocarbonylalkyl;carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyether; or

[0243] wherein R¹³ and R¹⁴ together with the nitrogen atom to which theyare attached form a mono- or polycyclic heterocyclyl that is optionallysubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof oxo, carboxy, and quaternary salts; or

[0244] wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ together with the nitrogen atom to which theyare attached form a cyclic ring; and

[0245] wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may be substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; sulfo; oxo; alkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; sulfoalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;carboxy; carboxyalkyl; guanidinyl; —OR¹⁶; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —N+R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻;—SR¹⁶; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R¹⁶; —CO₂R¹⁶; —CONR⁹R¹⁰, —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰;—PO(OR¹⁶OR¹⁷; —P⁹R¹⁰; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰R¹¹A-; —S⁺R⁹R¹⁰A-; and carbohydrateresidue; and

[0246] wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁹—;—N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁹A⁻-; —PR⁹—; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —P(O)R⁹—;phenylene; carbohydrate residue; amino acid residue; peptide residue; orpolypeptide residue; and

[0247] wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of R⁹ and M; and

[0248] wherein A⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion and M is apharmaceutically acceptable cation.

[0249] In one embodiment, R²³ is:

[0250] wherein R²⁴ is as defined above.

[0251] In another embodiment, R²³ is:

[0252] wherein R²⁴ is as defined above.

[0253] In another embodiment:

[0254] R²⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —OR¹³,—NR¹³R¹⁴, NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴—OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, and —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴ and

[0255] wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are independently selected from thegroup consisting of alkyl, polyether, aryl, quaternary heterocycle,arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, quaternary heterocyclylalkyl,alkylheterocyclylalkyl, and alkylammoniumalkyl,

[0256] wherein alkyl optionally has one or more carbons replaced by O orN⁺R⁹R¹⁰A-, and

[0257] wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are optionally substituted with one ormore groups selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, carboxy,alkyl, quaternary heterocyclylalkyl, —SR⁹, —S(O)R⁹, —S(O)₂R⁹, —S(O)₃R⁹,—NR⁹R¹⁰, N⁺R⁹R¹¹R¹²A⁻, —CONR⁹R¹⁰, and —PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷, and

[0258] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, alkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, carboxyalkyl,carboalkoxyalkyl, and carboxyalkylheterocycle; and

[0259] wherein R¹¹ and R¹² are independently alkyl; and

[0260] wherein A⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion and M is apharmaceutically acceptable cation.

[0261] In another embodiment, R²⁴ is selected from the group consistingof: TABLE 2 R²⁴ (1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

(14)

(15)

(15a)

(16)

(17)

(18)

(19)

(20)

(21)

(22)

(23)

(24) M = Co^(II,III), Mn^(II,III), Fe^(II,III), Ni^(II,III), Cr^(III),Cu^(II), Zn^(II), Co^(II), Ga^(III), In^(III), V^(IV), R^(II), Pr^(IV),Rh^(III) or Ir^(III) (25)

(26)

(27)

(28)

(29)

(30)

(31)

(32)

(33)

(34)

(35)

(36)

(37)

(38)

(39)

(40)

(41)

(42)

(43)

(44)

(45)

(46)

(47)

(48)

(49)

(50)

(51)

(52)

(53)

(54)

(55)

(56)

(57)

(58)

(59)

(60)

(61)

(62)

(63)

(64)

(65)

(66)

(67)

(68)

(69)

(70)

[0262] Optionally, R²⁴ may be selected from the following: (1)-(24),(25)-(48) or (49)-(70) from Table 2. Further, R²⁴ may be acidic orcontain a quaternary ammonium nitrogen. Even further, R²⁴ may beselected from the following: (1)-(5), (6)-(10), (11)-(15), (16)-(20),(21)-(25), (26)-(30), (31)-(35), (36)-(40), (41)-(45), (46)-(50),(51)-(55), (56)-(60), (61)-(65), (66)-(70), or combinations thereof.

[0263] In another embodiment of the compounds of Formula III, R²⁰ ischloro, and R²¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy andmethoxy.

[0264] In another embodiment of the compounds of Formula III, one ofR^(2C) and R^(2D) is ethyl and the other of R^(2C) and R^(2D) isn-butyl; R²⁰ is chloro; and R²¹ is hydroxy.

[0265] In another embodiment of the compounds of Formula III, one ofR^(2C) and R^(2D) is ethyl and the other of R^(2C) and R^(2D) isn-butyl; R²⁰ is chloro; and R²¹ is methoxy.

[0266] Within the compounds of Formula I is another class of compoundsof particular interest corresponding to Formula V:

[0267] wherein:

[0268] R^(2E) and R^(2F) are independently selected from C₁ alkyl; and

[0269] R²⁵ and R²⁶ are independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, alkoxy, and R²⁸;

[0270] wherein R²⁸ is aryl substituted with one or more radicalsindependently selected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; —NO₂;oxo; alkyl; polyalkyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl;alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; polyether; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴; —SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³; —SO₂R¹³;—SO₃R¹³; —NR¹³OR¹⁴; —NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —CO₂R³; —OM; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴;—C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM; —COR¹³; —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴; —NR¹³C(O)NR¹⁴R¹⁵;—NR¹³CO₂R¹⁴; —OC(O)R¹³; —OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹³SOR¹⁴; —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴;—NR¹³SONR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³SO₂NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —PR¹³R¹⁴; —P(O)R¹³ R¹⁴; —P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻;—P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; and —N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; and

[0271] wherein the alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl,cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, quaternaryheterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyether substituentsof the R²⁸ aryl optionally may be further substituted with one or moreradicals selected from the group consisting of —CN; halogen; hydroxy;oxo; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; —OR⁷; —NR⁷R⁸ ; —SR⁷;—S(O)R⁷; —SO₂R⁷; —SO₃R⁷; —CO₂R⁷; —CONR⁷R⁸; —N+R⁷R⁸R⁹A-; —P(O)R⁷R⁸;—PR⁷R⁸; —P⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; and —P(O)(OR⁷)OR⁸; and

[0272] wherein the alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl,cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, quaternaryheterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyether substituentsof the R²⁸ aryl optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—;—NR⁷—; —N⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁷A⁻; —PR⁷—; —P(O)R⁷—;—P⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; or phenylene; and

[0273] wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen; and alkyl; and

[0274] wherein R⁹, R¹⁰, and R^(w) are independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; alkylammoniumalkyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl; carboxyaryl;carboxyheterocyclyl; amino; alkylamino; carboxyalkylamino;alkoxyalkylamino; and acyl; and

[0275] wherein R¹¹ and R¹² are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen; —CN; halogen; oxo; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl;aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl;alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; cycloalkenyl; haloalkyl;hydroxyalkyl; cyanoalkyl; —OR⁹; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹;—CO₂R⁹ and —CONR⁹R¹⁰; or

[0276] R¹¹ and R¹² together with the carbon atom to which they areattached form a cyclic ring; and

[0277] wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen; alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl; polyalkyl;alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl;arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl; alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl;aminocarbonylalkyl; alkylaminocarbonylalkyl;carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyether; or

[0278] wherein R¹³ and R¹⁴ together with the nitrogen atom to which theyare attached form a mono- or polycyclic heterocyclyl that is optionallysubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof oxo, carboxy, and quaternary salts; or

[0279] wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ together with the nitrogen atom to which theyare attached form a cyclic ring; and

[0280] wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may be substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; sulfo; oxo; alkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; sulfoalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;carboxy; carboxyalkyl; guanidinyl; —OR¹⁶; NR⁹R¹⁰; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻;—SR¹⁶; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹—SO₃R¹⁶; —CO₂ R¹⁶; —CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰;—PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; —P⁹R¹⁰; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰ R¹¹A-; —S⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻; and carbohydrateresidue; and

[0281] wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁹—;—N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁹A⁻-; —PR⁹—; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —P(O)R⁹—;phenylene; carbohydrate residue; amino acid residue; peptide residue; orpolypeptide residue; and

[0282] wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of R⁹ and M; and

[0283] wherein A⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion and M is apharmaceutically acceptable cation; and

[0284] R²⁷ is unsubstituted phenyl or R²⁸; or

[0285] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof;

[0286] provided that at least one of R²⁵, R²⁶ and R²⁷ is R²⁸.

[0287] Preferably, R²⁸ is:

[0288] wherein

[0289] r is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and

[0290] one or more R²⁹ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of halogen; —CN; —NO₂; oxo; alkyl; polyalkyl; haloalkyl;hydroxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl;quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; polyether; —OR¹³;—NR¹³R¹⁴—SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³; —SO₂R¹³; —SO₃R¹³; —NR¹³OR¹⁴; —NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵;—CO₂R¹³; —OM; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM; COR¹³;—NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴; —NR¹³C(O)NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³CO₂R¹⁴; —OC(O)R¹³; —OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴;—NR¹³SOR¹⁴; —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴; —NR¹³SONR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³SO₂NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —PR¹³R¹⁴;—P(O)R¹³R¹⁴; —P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A; —P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; and—N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; and

[0291] wherein the R²⁹ alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl,cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, quaternaryheterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyether radicalsoptionally may be further substituted with one or more radicals selectedfrom the group consisting of —CN; halogen; hydroxy; oxo; alkyl;cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; —OR⁷; —NR⁷R⁸; —SR⁷; —S(O)R⁷;—SO₂R⁷; —SO₃R⁷; —CO₂R⁷; —CONR⁷R⁸; —N⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; —P(O)R⁷R⁸; PR⁷PR⁸;—PR⁷R⁸; —P⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; and —P(O)(OR⁷)OR⁸; and

[0292] wherein the R²⁹ alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl,cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, quaternaryheterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyether radicalsoptionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁷—;—N⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁷A⁻-; —PR⁷—; —P(O)R⁷—; —P⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; orphenylene; and

[0293] wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen; and alkyl; and

[0294] wherein R⁹, R¹⁰, and R^(w) are independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; alkylammoniumalkyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl; carboxyaryl;carboxyheterocyclyl; amino; alkylamino; carboxyalkylamino;alkoxyalkylamino; and acyl; and

[0295] wherein R¹¹ and R¹² are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen; —CN; halogen; oxo; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl;aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl;alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; cycloalkenyl; haloalkyl;hydroxyalkyl; cyanoalkyl; —OR⁹; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹;—CO₂R⁹ and —CONR⁹R¹⁰; or

[0296] R¹¹ and R¹² together with the carbon atom to which they areattached form a cyclic ring; and

[0297] wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen; alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl; polyalkyl;alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl;arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl; alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl;aminocarbonylalkyl; alkylaminocarbonylalkyl;carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyether; or

[0298] wherein R¹³ and R¹⁴ together with the nitrogen atom to which theyare attached form a mono- or polycyclic heterocyclyl that is optionallysubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof oxo, carboxy, and quaternary salts; or

[0299] wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ together with the nitrogen atom to which theyare attached form a cyclic ring; and

[0300] wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may be substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; sulfo; oxo; alkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; sulfoalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;carboxy; carboxyalkyl; guanidinyl; —OR¹⁶; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻;—SR¹⁶; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R¹⁶; —CO₂ R¹⁶; —CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰;—PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; —P⁹R¹⁰; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰R¹¹A-; —S⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻; and carbohydrateresidue; and.

[0301] wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁹—;—N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁹A⁻-; —PR⁹—; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —P(O)R⁹—;phenylene; carbohydrate residue; amino acid residue; peptide residue; orpolypeptide residue; and

[0302] wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of R⁹ and M; and

[0303] wherein A⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion and M is apharmaceutically acceptable cation.

[0304] In one embodiment, R²⁸ is:

[0305] wherein R²⁹ is as defined above.

[0306] In another embodiment, R²⁸ is:

[0307] wherein R²⁹ is as defined above.

[0308] In another embodiment:

[0309] R²⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of —OR¹³,—NR¹³R¹⁴, —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴, —OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, and —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴, and

[0310] wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are independently selected from thegroup consisting of alkyl, polyether, aryl, quaternary heterocycle,arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, quaternary heterocyclylalkyl,alkylheterocyclylalkyl, and alkylammoniumalkyl,

[0311] wherein alkyl optionally has one or more carbons replaced by O orN⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻, and

[0312] wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are optionally substituted with one ormore groups selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, carboxy,alkyl, quaternary heterocyclylalkyl, —SR⁹, —S(O)R⁹, —S(O)₂R⁹, —S(O)₃R⁹,—NR⁹R¹⁰, —N⁺R⁹R¹¹R¹²A⁻, —CONR⁹R¹⁰, and —PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷, and

[0313] wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, alkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, carboxyalkyl,carboalkoxyalkyl, and carboxyalkylheterocycle; and

[0314] wherein R¹¹ and R¹² are independently alkyl; and

[0315] wherein A⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion and M is apharmaceutically acceptable cation.

[0316] In another embodiment, R²⁹ is selected from the group consistingof: TABLE 3 R²⁹ (1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

(14)

(15)

(15a)

(16)

(17)

(18)

(19)

(20)

(21)

(22)

(23)

(24)

(25)

(26)

(27)

(28)

(29)

(30)

(31)

(32)

(33)

(34)

(35)

(36)

(37)

(38)

(39)

(40)

(41)

(42)

(43)

(44)

(45)

(46)

(47)

(48)

(49)

(50)

(51)

(52)

(53)

(54)

(55)

(56)

(57)

(58)

(59)

(60)

(61)

(62)

(63)

(64)

(65)

(66)

(67)

(68)

(69)

(70)

[0317] Optionally, R²⁹ may be selected from the following: (1)-(24),(25)-(48) or (49)-(70) from Table 3. Further, R²⁹ may be acidic orcontain a quaternary ammonium nitrogen. Even further, R²⁹ may beselected from the following: (1)-(5), (6)-(10), (11)-(15), (16)-(20),(21)-(25), (26)-(30), (31)-(35), (36)-(40), (41)-(45), (46)-(50),(51)-(55), (56)-(60), (61)-(65), (66)-(70), or combinations thereof.

[0318] In another embodiment of the compounds of Formula V, R²⁵ and R²⁶are independently selected from hydrogen and methoxy.

[0319] In another embodiment of the compounds of Formula V, one ofR^(2E) and R^(2F) is ethyl and the other of R^(2E) and R^(2F) isn-butyl; and R²⁵ and R²⁶ are hydrogen.

[0320] In another embodiment of the compounds of Formula V, one ofR^(2E) and R^(2F) is ethyl and the other of R^(2E) and R^(2F) isn-butyl; and R²⁵ and R²⁶ are methoxy.

[0321] Within the compounds of Formula I is another class of compoundsof particular interest corresponding to Formula VII:

[0322] wherein:

[0323] i is 0, 1 or 2; and

[0324] 1 is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and R^(1C) and R^(1D) are independentlyselected from hydrogen and alkyl; and

[0325] R^(2G) and R^(2H) are independently selected from hydrogen,alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl and aralkyl;or

[0326] R^(2G) and R^(2H) together with the carbon atom to which they areattached form a C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl group; and one of E and F is NR³′ andthe other of E and F is CHR³¹;

[0327] wherein R³⁰ and R³¹ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen; oxo; alkyl; cycloalkyl; aryl; heterocyclyl;acyl, thioacyl, —OR⁹, and R³²;

[0328] wherein the R³⁰ and R³¹ alkyl; cycloalkyl; aryl; heterocyclylradicals are independently substituted with one or more radicalsindependently selected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; —NO₂;oxo; alkyl; polyalkyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl;alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; polyether; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴; —SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³; —SO₂R¹³;—SO₃R¹³; —NR¹³OR¹⁴; —NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —CO₂R¹³; —OM; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴;—C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM; —COR¹³; —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴; —NR¹³C(O)NR¹⁴R¹⁵;—NR¹³CO₂R¹⁴; —OC(O)R¹³; —OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹³SOR¹⁴; —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴;—NR¹³SONR¹⁴R¹⁵; _NR¹³SO₂NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —PR³R¹⁴; —P(O)R¹³R¹⁴; —P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R A;—P(OR³)OR⁴; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; and —N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; and wherein the R³⁰ and R³′alkyl; cycloalkyl; aryl; heterocyclyl radicals are independentlysubstituted with one or more radicals independently selected from thegroup consisting of halogen; —CN; —NO₂; oxo; alkyl; polyalkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;polyether; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴; —SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³; —SO₂R¹³; —SO₃R¹³;—NR¹³OR¹⁴; NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —CO₂R¹³; —OM; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴;—C(O)OM; —COR¹³; —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴; —NR¹³C(O)NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³CO₂R¹⁴; —OC(O)R¹³;—OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹³SOR¹⁴; —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴; —NR¹³SONR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³SO₂NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —PR¹³R¹⁴; —P(O)R¹³R¹⁴; —P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; —P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴;—S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; and —N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; and

[0329] wherein the alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl,cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, quaternaryheterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyether substituentsof the R³⁰ and R³¹ radicals optionally may be further substituted withone or more radicals selected from the group consisting of —CN; halogen;hydroxy; oxo; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl;arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; —OR⁷; —NR⁷R⁸;—SR⁷; —S(O)R⁷; —SO₂R⁷; —SO₃R⁷; —CO₂R⁷; —CONR⁷R⁸; —N⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; —P(O)R⁷R⁸;—PR⁷R⁸; —P⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; and —P(O)(OR⁷)OR⁸; and

[0330] wherein the alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl,cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, quaternaryheterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyether substituentsof the R³⁰ and R³¹ radicals optionally may have one or more carbonsreplaced by —O—; —NR⁷—; —N⁺R⁷ R⁸A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁷A⁻-; —PR⁷—;—P(O)R⁷—; —P⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; or phenylene; and

[0331] wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen; and alkyl; and

[0332] wherein R⁹, R¹⁰, and R^(w) are independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; alkylammoniumalkyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl; carboxyaryl;carboxyheterocyclyl; amino; alkylamino; carboxyalkylamino;alkoxyalkylamino; and acyl; and

[0333] wherein R¹¹ and R¹² are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen; —CN; halogen; oxo; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl;aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl;alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; cycloalkenyl; haloalkyl;hydroxyalkyl; cyanoalkyl; —OR⁹; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹;—CO₂R⁹; and —CONR⁹R¹⁰; or

[0334] R¹¹ and R¹² together with the carbon atom to which they areattached form a cyclic ring; and

[0335] wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen; alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl; polyalkyl;alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl;arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl; alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl;aminocarbonylalkyl; alkylaminocarbonylalkyl;carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyether; or

[0336] wherein R¹³ and R¹⁴ together with the nitrogen atom to which theyare attached form a mono- or polycyclic heterocyclyl that is optionallysubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof oxo, carboxy, and quaternary salts; or

[0337] wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ together with the nitrogen atom to which theyare attached form a cyclic ring; and

[0338] wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may be substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; sulfo; oxo; alkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; sulfoalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;carboxy; carboxyalkyl; guanidinyl; —OR¹⁶; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻;—SR¹⁶; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R¹⁶; —CO₂ R¹⁶—CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰;—PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; —P⁹R¹⁰; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰R¹¹ A-; —S⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻; and carbohydrateresidue; and

[0339] wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁹—;—N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁹A⁻-; —PR⁹—; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —P(O)R⁹—;phenylene; carbohydrate residue; amino acid residue; peptide residue; orpolypeptide residue; and

[0340] wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of R⁹ and M; and

[0341] wherein A is a pharmaceutically acceptable cation and M is apharmaceutically acceptable cation; and

[0342] R³² is selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, aryl andheterocyclyl, wherein said cycloalkyl, aryl and heterocyclyl aresubstituted with —N(H)—X—R³³ or —O—X—R³³ and wherein:

[0343] X is selected from the group consisting of:

[0344] —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-;

[0345] —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-NH—;

[0346] —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-O—;

[0347] —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-(C═O)_(t); and

[0348] a covalent bond;

[0349] R³³ is selected from selected from the group consisting ofmonosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, wherein saidmonosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides may be protectedwith one or more sugar protecting groups;

[0350] s and t are independently 0 or 1; and

[0351] one or more R³⁴ radicals are independently selected from thegroup consisting of R³², hydrogen; halogen; —CN; —NO₂; alkyl;cycloalkyl; polyalkyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;polyether; acyloxy; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴; —SR¹³; S(O)R¹³; —S(O)₂R¹³; —SO₃R¹³;—S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; —NR¹³OR¹⁴; —NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —CO₂R¹³; —OM; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴;—NR¹⁴C(O)R¹³; —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM; —COR¹³; —OR¹⁸; S(O)_(n)NR¹³R¹⁴;—NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹⁸OR¹⁴; —N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; PR¹³R¹⁴; —P(O)R¹³R¹⁴;—P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; amino acid residue; peptide residue; polypeptideresidue; and carbohydrate residue;

[0352] wherein the R³⁴ alkyl; cycloalkyl; polyalkyl; haloalkyl;hydroxyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; polyether; acyloxy radicals optionally may be furthersubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof halogen; —CN; oxo; —OR¹⁶; —NR⁹R¹⁰; N⁺R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻; —SR¹⁶; —S(O)R⁹;—SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R¹⁶; —CO₂R¹⁶; —CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰; —PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; —P⁹R¹⁰;—P⁺R⁹R¹¹R¹²A⁻; —S⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻; and carbohydrate residue; and

[0353] wherein the R³⁴ quaternary heterocyclyl radical optionally may besubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof halogen; —CN; —NO₂; oxo; alkyl; cycloalkyl; polyalkyl; haloalkyl;hydroxyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; polyether; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴; —SR; —S(O)R¹³; —SO₂ R¹³;—SO₃R¹³; —NR¹³OR¹⁴; —NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —CO₂R¹³; OM; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴;—C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM; —COR¹³; —P(O)R¹³R¹⁴; —P¹³R¹⁴; —P⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻;—P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; —N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; and carbohydrate residue; and

[0354] wherein the R³⁴ radicals comprising carbon optionally may haveone or more carbons replaced by —O—; —N⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—;—S⁺R¹³A⁻-; —PR¹³—; —P(O)R¹³—; —P⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; phenylene; amino acidresidue; peptide residue; polypeptide residue; carbohydrate residue;polyether; or polyalkyl; wherein said phenylene; amino acid residue;peptide residue; polypeptide residue; carbohydrate residue; andpolyalkyl optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—;—NR⁹—; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁹A⁻-; —PR⁹—; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; or—P(O)R⁹—; and

[0355] wherein R¹⁸ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl;alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl;arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; acyl; alkoxycarbonyl; arylalkoxycarbonyl;and heterocyclylalkoxycarbonyl; and

[0356] wherein the R¹⁸ alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl;quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; acyl;alkoxycarbonyl; arylalkoxycarbonyl; and heterocyclylalkoxycarbonylradicals optionally may be substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; NO₂; oxo; —OR⁹;—NR⁹R¹⁰; —N⁺R⁹R¹¹R¹² A⁻; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹; —CO₂R⁹;—CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰; —PR⁹R¹⁰; —P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴; —PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; andC(O)OM; or

[0357] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof;

[0358] provided that at least one of R³⁰, R³¹ and R³⁴ is R³².

[0359] Preferably, R³² is phenyl substituted with —N(H)—X—R³³ or—O—X—R³³ wherein:

[0360] X is selected from the group consisting of:

[0361] —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-;

[0362] —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-NH—;

[0363] —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-O—;

[0364] —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-(C═O)_(t); and

[0365] a covalent bond;

[0366] R³³ is selected from selected from the group consisting ofmonosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides; and

[0367] s and t are independently 0 or 1.

[0368] In one embodiment, R³² is phenyl substituted at the para-positionwith —N(H)—X—R³³ or —O—X—R³³ wherein:

[0369] X is selected from the group consisting of:

[0370] —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-;

[0371] —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-NH—;

[0372] —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-O—;

[0373] —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-(C═O)_(t); and

[0374] a covalent bond; and

[0375] R³³ is selected from selected from the group consisting ofmonosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides; and

[0376] s and t are independently 0 or 1.

[0377] In another embodiment, R³² is phenyl substituted at themeta-position with —N(H)—X—R³³ or —O—X—R³³ wherein:

[0378] X is selected from the group consisting of:

[0379] —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-;

[0380] —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-NH—;

[0381] —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-O—;

[0382] —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-(C═O)_(t); and

[0383] a covalent bond; and

[0384] R³³ is selected from selected from the group consisting ofmonosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides; and

[0385] s and t are independently 0 or 1;

[0386] In another embodiment, R³² is phenyl substituted with a radicalselected from the group consisting of: TABLE 4 R³² (1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

(14)

(15)

(15a)

(16)

(17)

(18)

(19)

(20)

(21)

(22)

(23)

(24)

(25)

(26)

(27)

(28)

(29)

(30)

(31)

(32)

(33)

(34)

(35)

(36)

(37)

(38)

(39)

(40)

(41)

(42)

(43)

(44)

(45)

(46)

(47)

(48)

(49)

(50)

(51)

(52)

(53)

(54)

(55)

(56)

(57)

(58)

(59)

(60)

(61)

(62)

(63)

(64)

(65)

(66)

(67)

(68)

(69)

(70)

[0387] Optionally, R³² may be selected from the following: (1)-(24),(25)-(48) or (49)-(70) from Table 4. Further, R³² may be acidic orcontain a quaternary ammonium nitrogen. Even further, R³² may beselected from the following: (1)-(5), (6)-(10), (11)-(15), (16)-(20),(21)-(25), (26)-(30), (31)-(35), (36)-(40), (41)-(45), (46)-(50),(51)-(55), (56)-(60), (61)-(65), (66)-(70), or combinations thereof.

[0388] In another embodiment of the compounds of Formula VII, R³⁰ isR³²; and R³¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen andalkyl.

[0389] In another embodiment of the compounds of Formula VII, R³⁰ isselected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl; and R³¹ isR³².

[0390] Within the compounds of Formula VII is a class of compounds ofspecific interest corresponding to Formula VIIA:

[0391] wherein:

[0392] i is 0, 1 or 2; and

[0393] 1 is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and

[0394] R^(1C) and R^(1D) are independently selected from hydrogen andalkyl and

[0395] R^(2G) and R^(2H) are independently selected from hydrogen,alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl and aralkyl;or

[0396] R^(2G) and R^(2H) together with the carbon atom to which they areattached form a C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl group; and

[0397] i, 1, R³⁰, R³¹ and R³⁴ are as previously defined above forcompounds of Formula VII.

[0398] Within the compounds of Formula VII is a class of compounds ofspecific interest corresponding to Formula VIIB:

[0399] wherein:

[0400] i is 0, 1 or 2; and

[0401] 1 is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and

[0402] R^(1C) and R^(1D) are independently selected from hydrogen andalkyl; and

[0403] R^(2G) and R^(2H) are independently selected from hydrogen,alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl and aralkyl;or

[0404] R^(2G) and R^(2H) together with the carbon atom to which they areattached form a C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl group; and

[0405] i, 1, R³⁰, R³¹ and R³⁴ are as previously defined above forcompounds of Formula VI.

[0406] Within the compounds of Formula VII is a class of compounds ofparticular interest corresponding to Formula VIII:

[0407] wherein:

[0408] R^(2I) and R^(2J) are independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl; and

[0409] R³⁵ is selected from the group consisting of halogen and R³⁸;

[0410] R³⁶ is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, alkoxy, andR³⁸;

[0411] wherein R³⁸ is selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl,aryl and heterocyclyl, wherein said cycloalkyl, aryl and heterocyclylare substituted with —N(H)—X—R³⁹ or —O—X—R³⁹ and wherein:

[0412] X is selected from the group consisting of:

[0413] —(C═O)_(u)-alkyl-;

[0414] —(C═O)_(u)-alkyl-NH—;

[0415] —(C═O)_(u)-alkyl-O—;

[0416] —(C═O)_(u)-alkyl-(C═O)_(v); and

[0417] a covalent bond; and

[0418] R³⁹ is selected from selected from the group consisting ofmonosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, wherein saidmonosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides may be protectedwith one or more sugar protecting groups; and

[0419] u and v are independently 0 or 1; and

[0420] R³⁷ is unsubstituted phenyl or R³⁸; or

[0421] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof;

[0422] provided that at least one of R³⁵, R³⁶ and R³⁷ is R³⁸.

[0423] Preferably, R³⁸ is phenyl substituted with —N(H)—X—R³⁹ or—O—X—R³⁹ wherein:

[0424] X is selected from the group consisting of:

[0425] —(C═O)_(u)-alkyl-;

[0426] —(C═O)_(u)-alkyl-NH—;

[0427] —(C═O)_(u)-alkyl-O—;

[0428] —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-(C═O)_(v); and

[0429] a covalent bond; and

[0430] R³⁹ is selected from selected from the group consisting ofmonosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides; and

[0431] u and v are independently 0 or 1.

[0432] In one embodiment, R³⁸ is phenyl substituted at the para-positionwith —N(H)—X—R³⁹ or —O—X—R³⁹ wherein:

[0433] X is selected from the group consisting of:

[0434] —(C═O)_(u)-alkyl-;

[0435] —(C═O)_(u)-alkyl-NH—;

[0436] —(C═O)_(u)-alkyl-O—;

[0437] —(C═O)_(u)-alkyl-(C═O)_(v); and

[0438] a covalent bond; and

[0439] R³⁹ is selected from selected, from the group consisting ofmonosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides; and

[0440] u and v are independently 0 or 1.

[0441] In another embodiment, R³⁸ is phenyl substituted at themeta-position with —N(H)—X—R³⁹ or —O—X—R³⁹ wherein:

[0442] X is selected from the group consisting of:

[0443] —(C═O)_(u)-alkyl-;

[0444] —(C═O)_(u)-alkyl-NH—;

[0445] —(C═O)_(u)-alkyl-O—;

[0446] —(C═O)_(u)-alkyl-(C═O)_(v); and

[0447] a covalent bond; and

[0448] R³⁹ is selected from selected from the group consisting ofmonosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides; and

[0449] u and v are independently 0 or 1.

[0450] In another embodiment, R³⁸ is phenyl substituted with a radicalselected from the group consisting of: TABLE 5 R³⁸ (1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

(14)

(15)

(15a)

(16)

(17)

(18)

(19)

(20)

(21)

(22)

(23)

(24)

(25)

(26)

(27)

(28)

(29)

(30)

(31)

(32)

(33)

(34)

(35)

(36)

(37)

(38)

(39)

(40)

(41)

(42)

(43)

(44)

(45)

(46)

(47)

(48)

(49)

(50)

(51)

(52)

(53)

(54)

(55)

(56)

(57)

(58)

(59)

(60)

(61)

(62)

(63)

(64)

(65)

(66)

(67)

(68)

(69)

(70)

[0451] Optionally, R³⁸ may be selected from the following: (1)-(24),(25)-(48) or (49)-(70) from Table 5. Further, R³⁸ may be acidic orcontain a quaternary ammonium nitrogen. Even further, R³⁸ may beselected from the following: (1)-(5), (6)-(10), (11)-(15), (16)-(20),(21)-(25), (26)-(30), (31)-(35), (36)-(40), (41)-(45), (46)-(50),(51)-(55), (56)-(60), (61)-(65), (66)-(70), or combinations thereof.

[0452] In another embodiment of the compounds of Formula VIII, R³⁵ ischloro, and R³⁶ is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy andmethoxy.

[0453] In another embodiment of the compounds of Formula VIII, one ofR^(2I) and R^(2J) is ethyl and the other of R^(2I) and R^(2J) isn-butyl; R³⁵ is chloro; and R³⁶ is hydroxy.

[0454] In another embodiment of the compounds of Formula VIII, one ofR^(2I) and R^(2J) is ethyl and the other of R^(2I) and R^(2J) isn-butyl; R³⁵ is chloro; and R³⁶ is methoxy.

[0455] Within the compounds of Formula VII is a class of compounds ofparticular interest corresponding to Formula IX:

[0456] wherein:

[0457] R^(2K) and R^(2L) are independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl; and

[0458] R⁴⁰ and R⁴¹ are independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, alkoxy, and R⁴³;

[0459] wherein R⁴³ is selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl,aryl and heterocyclyl, wherein said cycloalkyl, aryl and heterocyclylare substituted with —N(H)—X—R⁴⁴ or —O—X—R⁴⁴ and wherein:

[0460] X is selected from the group consisting of:

[0461] —(C═O)_(a)-alkyl-;

[0462] —(C═O)_(a)-alkyl-NH—;

[0463] —(C═O)_(a)-alkyl-O—;

[0464] —(C═O)_(a)-alkyl-(C═O)_(b); and

[0465] a covalent bond; and

[0466] R⁴⁴ is selected from selected from the group consisting ofmonosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, wherein saidmonosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides may be protectedwith one or more sugar protecting groups; and

[0467] a and b are independently 0 or 1; and

[0468] R⁴² is unsubstituted phenyl or R⁴³; or

[0469] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof;provided that at least one of R⁴⁰, R⁴¹ and R⁴² is R⁴³.

[0470] Preferably, R⁴³ is phenyl substituted with —N(H)—X—R⁴⁴ or—O—X—R⁴⁴ wherein:

[0471] X is selected from the group consisting of:

[0472] —(C═O)_(a)-alkyl-;

[0473] —(C═O)_(a)-alkyl-NH—;

[0474] —(C═O)_(a)-alkyl-O—;

[0475] —(C═O)_(a)-alkyl-(C═O)_(b); and

[0476] a covalent bond; and

[0477] R⁴⁴ is selected from selected from the group consisting ofmonosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides; and

[0478] a and b are independently 0 or 1.

[0479] In one embodiment, R⁴³ is phenyl substituted at the para-positionwith —N(H)—X—R⁴⁴ or —O—X—R⁴⁴ wherein:

[0480] X is selected from the group consisting of:

[0481] —(C═O)_(a)-alkyl-;

[0482] —(C═O)_(a)-alkyl-NH—;

[0483] —(C═O)_(a)-alkyl-O—;

[0484] —(C═O)_(a)-alkyl-(C═O)_(b); and

[0485] a covalent bond; and

[0486] R⁴⁴ is selected from selected from the group consisting ofmonosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides; and

[0487] a and b are independently 0 or 1.

[0488] In another embodiment, R⁴³ is phenyl substituted at themeta-position with —N(H)—X—R⁴⁴ or —O—X—R⁴⁴ wherein:

[0489] X is selected from the group consisting of:

[0490] —(C═O)_(a)-alkyl-;

[0491] —(C═O)_(a)-alkyl-NH—;

[0492] —(C═O)_(a)-alkyl-O—;

[0493] —(C═O)_(a)-alkyl-(C═O)_(b); and

[0494] a covalent bond; and

[0495] R⁴⁴ is selected from selected from the group consisting ofmonosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides; and

[0496] a and b are independently 0 or 1.

[0497] In another embodiment, R⁴³ is phenyl substituted with a radicalselected from the group consisting of: TABLE 6 R⁴³ (1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

(14)

(15)

(15a)

(16)

(17)

(18)

(19)

(20)

(21)

(22)

(23)

(24)

(25)

(26)

(27)

(28)

(29)

(30)

(31)

(32)

(33)

(34)

(35)

(36)

(37)

(38)

(39)

(40)

(41)

(42)

(43)

(44)

(45)

(46)

(47)

(48)

(49)

(50)

(51)

(52)

(53)

(54)

(55)

(56)

(57)

(58)

(59)

(60)

(61)

(62)

(63)

(64)

(65)

(66)

(67)

(68)

(69)

(70)

[0498] Optionally, R⁴³ may be selected from the following: (1)-(24),(25)-(48) or (49)-(70) from Table 6. Further, R⁴³ may be acidic orcontain a quaternary ammonium nitrogen. Even further, R⁴³ may beselected from the following: (1)-(5), (6)-(10), (11)-(15), (16)-(20),(21)-(25), (26)-(30), (31)-(35), (36)-(40), (41)-(45), (46)-(50),(51)-(55), (56)-(60), (61)-(65), (66)-(70), or combinations thereof.

[0499] In another embodiment of the compounds of Formula IX, R⁴⁰ and R⁴¹are independently selected from hydrogen and methoxy.

[0500] In another embodiment of the compounds of Formula IX, one ofR^(2K) and R^(2L) is ethyl and the other of R^(2K) and R^(2L) isn-butyl; and R⁴⁰ and R⁴¹ are hydrogen.

[0501] In another embodiment of the compounds of Formula IX, one ofR^(2K) and R^(2L) is ethyl and the other of R^(2K) and R^(2L) isn-butyl; and R⁴⁰ and R⁴¹ are methoxy.

[0502] In each of the various embodiments of the invention describedabove, at least one or more of the following conditions preferably aresatisfied:

[0503] (1) j is 1 or 2. Preferably, j is 2; and/or

[0504] (2) The substituents at the 2-position of the benzothiazepine areindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl.Preferably, these substituents are hydrogen; and/or

[0505] (3) The substitutents at the 3-position of the benzothiazepineare independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen andalkyl. Preferably, these substituents are independently selected fromthe group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl. More preferably, these substituentsare selected from the group consisting of ethyl, propyl and butyl. Stillmore preferably, either (a) one of these substituents is ethyl and theother of these substituents is n-butyl, or (b) both of thesesubstituents are n-butyl; and/or

[0506] (4) The 4-position nitrogen substituent (e.g., R³, when thecompound is a 1,4-benzothiazepine) or one or both the 4-position carbonsubstituents (e.g., one or two group(s) at the 4-position carbon, whenthe compound is a 1,5-benzothiazepine) of the benzothiazepine areindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen andhydroxy; and/or

[0507] (5) The 5-position nitrogen substituent (e.g., R³, when thecompound is a 1,5-benzothiazepine) or one of the 5-position carbonsubstituents (e.g., R⁴, when the compound is a 1,4-benzothiazepine) ofthe benzothiazepine is substituted aryl wherein said aryl is substitutedwith (a) a moiety possessing an overall positive charge; and/or (b) amoiety comprising a quaternary ammonium group or a quaternary aminesalt; and/or (c) a moiety comprising a phosphonic acid group or atleast, two carboxyl groups. Preferably, this substituent is substitutedphenyl. More preferably, this substituent is phenyl that isglucuronidated or monosubstituted with a radical selected from the groupconsisting of —OR¹³, —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴, —NR¹³C(O)NR¹⁴R¹⁵, —NR¹³CO₂R¹⁴,—OC(O)R¹³, —OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, —NR¹³SOR¹⁴, —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴, —NR¹³SONR¹⁴R¹⁵, and—NR¹³SO₂NR¹⁴R¹⁵ wherein R¹³, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are as previously defined forcompounds of Formula I. Still more preferably, this substituent isphenyl that is monosubstituted with a radical selected from the groupconsisting of —OR¹³ and —NR³SO₂NR¹⁴R¹⁵. Still more preferably, thissubstituent is phenyl substituted at the para or meta position with—OR¹³ or —NR¹³SO₂NR¹⁴R¹⁵ wherein R¹³ comprises a quaternary heterocycle,quaternary heteroaryl, carboxy or substituted amino; and/or

[0508] (6) When the compound is a 1,4-benzothiazepine, the othersubstituent at the 5-position carbon of the benzothiazepine is hydrogen;and/or

[0509] (7) One or more substitutents of the benzo ring of thebenzothiazepine are independently selected from the group consisting ofhalogen, —OR¹³ and —NR¹³R¹⁴, wherein R¹³R¹⁴ are as previously definedfor compounds of Formula I. Preferably, the substitutents of the benzoring are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen,hydroxy, alkoxy, amino, alkylamino and dialkylamino. Still morepreferably, the substituents are independently selected from the groupconsisting of chloro, methoxy and dimethylamino.

[0510] Alternative Forms of Novel Compounds

[0511] Also included in the family of compounds of Formulae I, IA, IB,III, V, VII, VIII and IX are (1) the stereoisomers thereof, (b) thepharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof, (c) the tautomers thereof,(d) the protected acids and the conjugate acids thereof, and (e) theprodrugs thereof.

[0512] The stereoisomers of these compounds may include, but are notlimited to, enantiomers, diastereomers, racemic mixtures and othermixtures thereof. Such stereoisomers can be prepared and separated usingconventional techniques, either by reacting enantiomeric startingmaterials, or by separating isomers of compounds of the presentinvention. Isomers may include geometric isomers, for example cisisomers or trans isomers across a double bond. All such isomers arecontemplated among the compounds of the present invention. Such isomersmay be used in either pure form or in admixture with those inhibitorsdescribed above.

[0513] The protected acids of these compounds include, but are notlimited to, protected acids such as esters, hydroxyamino derivatives,amides and sulfonamides. Thus, for example, primary and secondary aminescan be reacted with carboxylic acid substituted forms of the compoundsof Formulae I, IA, IB, III, V, VII, VIII and IX to form amides which canbe useful as prodrugs. Preferred amines are heterocyclicamines,including optionally substituted aminothiazoles, optionally substitutedamino-isoxazoles, optionally substituted aminopyridines, optionallysubstituted aniline derivatives, optionally substituted sulfonamides,optionally substituted aminocarboxylic acids, and the like. The esters,hydroxyamino derivatives and sulfonamides can be prepared from the acidsby methods known to one skilled in the art.

[0514] Pharmaceutically-acceptable salts include salts commonly used toform alkali metal salts and to form addition salts of free acids or freebases. The nature of the salt is not critical, provided that it ispharmaceutically-acceptable. Suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable acidaddition salts of compounds of Formulae I, IA, IB, III, V, VII, VIII andIX may be prepared from an inorganic acid or from an organic acid.Examples of such inorganic acids are hydrochloric, hydrobromic,hydroiodic, nitric, carbonic, sulfuric and phosphoric acid. Appropriateorganic acids may be selected from aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic,araliphatic, heterocyclic, carboxylic and sulfonic classes of organicacids, examples of which are formic, acetic, propionic, succinic,glycolic, gluconic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic,glucuronic, maleic, fumaric, pyruvic, aspartic, glutamic, benzoic,anthranilic, mesylic, salicyclic, salicyclic, 4-hydroxybenzoic,phenylacetic, mandelic, embonic (pamoic), methanesulfonic,ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, pantothenic, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic,toluenesulfonic, sulfanilic, cyclohexylaminosulfonic, stearic, algenic,N-hydroxybutyric, salicyclic, galactaric and galacturonic acid.

[0515] Suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable base addition salts ofcompounds of Formulae I, IA, IB, III, V, VII, VIII and IX includemetallic salts, such as salts made from aluminum, calcium, lithium,magnesium, potassium, sodium and zinc, or salts made from organic basesincluding primary, secondary and tertiary amines, substituted aminesincluding cyclic amines, such as caffeine, arginine, diethylamine,N-ethyl piperidine, histidine, glucamine, isopropylamine, lysine,morpholine, N-ethyl morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, triethylamine,trimethylamine. The above salts may be prepared by conventional meansfrom the corresponding compounds of the invention by reacting, forexample, the appropriate acid or base with the compounds of Formulae I,IA, IB, III, V, VII, VIII and IX.

[0516] Dosages and Treatment Regimen

[0517] Dosage levels of the compounds of Formulae I, IA, IB, III, V,VII, VIII and IX typically are on the order of about 0.001 mg to about10,000 mg daily, with preferred levels of about 0.005 mg to about 1,000mg daily, more preferred levels of about 0.008 to about 100 mg daily,and still more preferred levels of about 0.05 mg to about 50 mg daily.

[0518] The dosage regimen to prevent, treat, give relief from, orameliorate a hyperlipidemic condition or disorder, or to otherwiseprotect against or treat further high cholesterol plasma or blood levelswith the combinations and compositions of the present invention isselected in accordance with a variety of factors. These factors includethe type, age, weight, sex, diet, and medical condition of the patient,the severity of the disease, the route of administration,pharmacological considerations such as the activity, efficacy,pharmacokinetics and toxicology profiles of the particular inhibitorsemployed, whether a drug delivery system is utilized, and whether theinhibitors are administered with other active ingredients. Thus, thedosage regimen actually employed may vary widely and therefore deviatefrom the preferred dosage regimen set forth above.

[0519] Initial treatment of a patient suffering from a hyperlipidemiccondition or disorder can begin with the dosages indicated above.Treatment generally should be continued as necessary over a period ofseveral weeks to several months or years until the hyperlipidemiccondition or disorder has been controlled or eliminated. Patientsundergoing treatment with the combinations or compositions disclosedherein can be routinely monitored, for example, by measuring serum LDLand total cholesterol levels by any of the methods well-known in theart, to determine the effectiveness of the combination therapy.Continuous analysis of such data permits modification of the treatmentregimen during therapy so that optimal effective amounts of each type ofinhibitor are administered at any time, and so that the duration oftreatment can be determined as well. In this way, the treatmentregimen/dosing schedule can be rationally modified over the course oftherapy so that the lowest amount of inhibitor that exhibitssatisfactory effectiveness is administered, and so that administrationis continued only so long as is necessary to successfully treat thehyperlipidemic condition.

[0520] The total daily dose of each drug can be administered to thepatient in a single dose, or in proportionate multiple subdoses.Subdoses can be administered two to six times per day. Doses can be inimmediate release form or sustained release form effective to obtaindesired results.

[0521] Pharmaceutical Compositions

[0522] For the prophylaxis or treatment of the conditions and disordersreferred to above, the compound can be administered as the compound perse. Alternatively, pharmaceutically-acceptable salts are particularlysuitable for medical applications because of their greater aqueoussolubility relative to the parent compound.

[0523] The compounds of the present invention also can be presented withan acceptable carrier in the form of a pharmaceutical composition. Thecarrier must be acceptable in the sense of being compatible with theother ingredients of the composition and must not be deleterious to therecipient. The carrier can be a solid or a liquid, or both, andpreferably is formulated with the compound as a unit-dose composition,for example, a tablet, which can contain from 0.05% to 95% by weight ofthe active compounds. Other pharmacologically active substances can alsobe present, including other compounds useful in the treatment of ahyperlipidemic condition.

[0524] The active compounds of the present invention may be administeredby any suitable route, preferably in the form of a pharmaceuticalcomposition adapted to such a route, and in a dose effective for thetreatment intended. The active compounds and compositions, for example,may be administered orally, pulmonarily, mucosally, intravascularly,intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly or topically. Unitdose formulations, particularly orally administrable unit doseformulations such as tablets or capsules, generally contain, forexample, from about 0.001 to about 500 mg, preferably about 0.005 mg toabout 100 mg, and more preferably from about 0.01 to about 50 mg, of theactive ingredient. In the case of pharmaceutically acceptable salts, theweights indicated above for the active ingredient refer to the weight ofthe pharmaceutically active ion derived from the salt.

[0525] For oral administration, the pharmaceutical composition may be inthe form of, for example, a tablet, capsule, suspension or liquid. Thepharmaceutical composition is preferably made in the form of a dosageunit containing a particular amount of the active ingredient. Examplesof such dosage units are tablets or capsules. If administered per os,the compounds may be admixed with, for example, lactose, sucrose, starchpowder, cellulose esters of alkanoic acids, cellulose alkyl esters,talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, magnesium oxide, sodium andcalcium salts of phosphoric and sulfuric acids, gelatin, acacia gum,sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and/or polyvinyl alcohol, andthen tableted or encapsulated for convenient administration.

[0526] Oral delivery of the compounds of the present invention caninclude formulations, as are well known in the art, to provide immediatedelivery or prolonged or sustained delivery of the drug to thegastrointestinal tract by any number of mechanisms. Immediate deliveryformulations include, but are not limited to, oral solutions, oralsuspensions, fast-dissolving tablets or capsules, disintegrating tabletsand the like. Prolonged or sustained delivery formulations include, butare not limited to, pH sensitive release from the dosage form based onthe changing pH of the small intestine, slow erosion of a tablet orcapsule, retention in the stomach based on the physical properties ofthe formulation, bioadhesion of the dosage form to the mucosal lining ofthe intestinal tract, or enzymatic release of the active drug from thedosage form. The intended effect is to extend the time period over whichthe active drug molecule is delivered to the site of action (forexample, the ileum for the ASBT inhibitor) by manipulation of the dosageform. Thus, enteric-coated and enteric-coated controlled releaseformulations are within the scope of the present invention. Suitableenteric coatings include cellulose acetate phthalate, polyvinylacetatephthalate, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose phthalate and anionic polymersof methacrylic acid and methacrylic acid methyl ester. Such prolonged orsustained delivery formulations preferably are in dispersed form at thetime they reach the ileum.

[0527] Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for oral administration canbe presented in discrete units, such as capsules, cachets, lozenges, ortablets, each containing a predetermined amount of at least one compoundof the present invention; as a powder or granules; as a solution or asuspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water orwater-in-oil emulsion. As indicated, such compositions can be preparedby any suitable method of pharmacy which includes the step of bringinginto association the inhibitor(s) and the carrier (which can constituteone or more accessory ingredients). In general, the compositions areprepared by uniformly and intimately admixing the inhibitor(s) with aliquid or finely divided solid carrier, or both, and then, if necessary,shaping the product. For example, a tablet can be prepared bycompressing or molding a powder or granules of the inhibitors,optionally with one or more assessory ingredients. Compressed tabletscan be prepared by compressing, in a suitable machine, the compound in afree-flowing form, such as a powder or granules optionally mixed with abinder, lubricant, inert diluent and/or surface active/dispersingagent(s). Molded tablets can be made, for example, by molding thepowdered compound in a suitable machine.

[0528] Liquid dosage forms for oral administration can includepharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups,and elixirs containing inert diluents commonly used in the art, such aswater. Such compositions may also comprise adjuvants, such as wettingagents, emulsifying and suspending agents, and sweetening, flavoring,and perfuming agents.

[0529] Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for buccal (sub-lingual)administration include lozenges comprising a compound of the presentinvention in a flavored base, usually sucrose, and acacia or tragacanth,and pastilles comprising the inhibitors in an inert base such as gelatinand glycerin or sucrose and acacia.

[0530] Formulations for parenteral administration, for example, may bein the form of aqueous or non-aqueous isotonic sterile injectionsolutions or suspensions. These solutions and suspensions may beprepared from sterile powders or granules having one or more of thecarriers or diluents mentioned for use in the formulations for oraladministration. The compounds may be dissolved in water, polyethyleneglycol, propylene glycol, ethanol, corn oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil,sesame oil, benzyl alcohol, sodium chloride, and/or various buffers.Other adjuvants and modes of administration are well and widely known inthe pharmaceutical art.

[0531] Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers encompass all the foregoingand the like. The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can beprepared by any of the well-known techniques of pharmacy, such asadmixing the components. The above considerations in regard to effectiveformulations and administration procedures are well known in the art andare described in standard textbooks. Formulation of drugs is discussedin, for example, Hoover, John E., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1975; Liberman, et al., Eds.,Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Marcel Decker, New York, N.Y., 1980; andKibbe, et al., Eds., Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (3^(rd) Ed.),American Pharmaceutical Association, Washington, 1999.

[0532] Methods of Use

[0533] The present invention also includes methods for the treatment ofa hyperlipidemic condition or conditions in a subject, including theprophylactic or preventative treatment of a hyperlipidemic condition orconditions in a subject, comprising administering to a subject,particularly a subject in need thereof, a therapeutically effectiveamount of a compound of Formulae I, IA, IB, III, V, VII, VII or IX.

[0534] The present invention further includes methods for the treatmentof gallstones in a subject, including the prophylactic or preventativetreatment of a hyperlipidemic condition or conditions in a subject,comprising administering to a subject, particularly a subject in needthereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formulae I,IA, IB, III, V, VII, VIII or IX.

[0535] The methods and compounds of the present invention may be usedalone or in conjunction with additional therapies and/or compounds knownto those skilled in the art in the prevention or treatment ofhyperlipidemia. Alternatively, the methods and compounds describedherein may be used, partially or completely, in conjunctive therapy. Byway of example, the compounds may be administered alone or inconjunction with other anti-hyperlipidemic agents, such as together withHMG-Co—A reductase inhibitors, bile acid sequestering agents, fibricacid derivatives, nicotinic acid, and/or probucol.

[0536] Definitions

[0537] The term “subject” as used herein includes an animal, preferablya mammal, and particularly a human, who has been the object oftreatment, observation or experiment.

[0538] The term “treatment” includes any process, action, application,therapy, or the like, wherein a subject is subject to medical aid withthe object of improving the subject's condition, directly or indirectly.

[0539] The terms “prophylaxis” and “prevention” include eitherpreventing the onset of a clinically evident hyperlipidemic condition ordisorder altogether or preventing the onset of a preclinically evidentstage of a hyperlipidemic condition or disorder in individuals. Theseterms encompass the prophylactic treatment of a subject at risk ofdeveloping a hyperlipidemic condition or disorder such as, but notlimited to, atherosclerosis and hypercholesterolemia.

[0540] The term “combination therapy” or “co-therapy” means theadministration of two or more therapeutic agents to treat ahyperlipidemic condition and/or disorder, for example atherosclerosisand hypercholesterolemia. Such administration encompassesco-administration of these therapeutic agents in a substantiallysimultaneous manner, such as in a single capsule having a fixed ratio ofactive ingredients or in multiple, separate capsules for each inhibitoragent. In addition, such administration encompasses use of each type oftherapeutic agent in a sequential manner. In either case, the treatmentregimen will provide beneficial effects of the drug combination intreating the hyperlipidemic condition.

[0541] The phrase “therapeutically-effective” qualifies the amount ofeach agent that will achieve the goal of improvement in hyperlipidemiccondition or disorder severity and the frequency of incidence overtreatment of each agent by itself, while avoiding adverse side effectstypically associated with alternative therapies.

[0542] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” is used adjectivallyherein to mean that the modified noun is appropriate for use in apharmaceutical product. Pharmaceutically acceptable cations, forexample, include metallic ions and organic ions. More preferred metallicions include, but are not limited to appropriate alkali metal salts,alkaline earth metal salts and other physiologically acceptable metalions. Exemplary ions include aluminum, calcium, lithium, magnesium,potassium, sodium and zinc in their usual valences. Preferred organicions include protonated tertiary amines and quaternary ammonium cations,including in part, trimethylamine, diethylamine,N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine,ethylenediamine, meglumine (N-methylglucamine) and procaine. Exemplarypharmaceutically acceptable acids include without limitationhydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid,methanesulfonic acid, acetic acid, formic acid, tartaric acid, maleicacid, malic acid, citric acid, isocitric acid, succinic acid, lacticacid, gluconic acid, glucuronic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalacetic acid,fumaric acid, propionic acid, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, benzoicacid, and the like.

[0543] The term “prodrug” includes a compound that is a drug precursorthat, following administration to a subject and subsequent absorption,is converted to an active species in vivo via some process, such asmetabolic conversion. Other products from the conversion process areeasily disposed of by the body. More preferred prodrugs produce productsfrom the conversion process that are generally accepted as safe. Forexample, the prodrug may be an acylated form of the active compound.

[0544] The term “ASBT inhibitor” includes a compound capable ofinhibiting absorption of bile acids from the intestine into thecirculatory system of a mammal, such as a human. This includesincreasing the fecal excretion of bile acids, as well as reducing theblood plasma or serum concentrations of cholesterol and cholesterolester, and more specifically, reducing LDL and VLDL cholesterol.Conditions or diseases which benefit from the prophylaxis or treatmentby bile acid transport inhibition include, for example, a hyperlipidemiccondition such as atherosclerosis.

[0545] Where the term “alkyl” is used, either alone or within otherterms such as “haloalkyl”, and “hydroxyalkyl”, it includes linear orbranched radicals having one to about twenty carbon atoms or,preferably, one to about twelve carbon atoms. More preferred alkylradicals are “lower alkyl” radicals having one to about six carbonatoms. Examples of such radicals include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl,isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, iso-amyl,hexyl and the like. Even more preferred are lower alkyl radicals havingone to three carbon atoms.

[0546] Where the term “alkenyl” is used, either alone or within otherterms such as “arylalkenyl”, it includes linear or branched radicalshaving at least one carbon—carbon double bond of two to about twentycarbon atoms or, preferably, two to about twelve carbon atoms. Morepreferred alkenyl radicals are “lower alkenyl” radicals having two toabout six carbon atoms. Examples of alkenyl radicals include ethenyl,propenyl, allyl, propenyl, butenyl and 4-methylbutenyl.

[0547] The terms “alkenyl” and “lower alkenyl”, include radicals having“cis” and “trans” orientations, or alternatively, “E” and “Z”orientations.

[0548] The term “alkynyl” includes linear or branched radicals havingtwo to about twenty carbon atoms or, preferably, two to about twelvecarbon atoms. More preferred alkynyl radicals are “lower alkynyl”radicals having two to about ten carbon atoms. Most preferred are loweralkynyl radicals having two to about six carbon atoms. Examples of suchradicals include propargyl, butynyl, and the like.

[0549] The term “cycloalkyl” includes saturated carbocyclic radicalshaving three to about twelve carbon atoms. More preferred cycloalkylradicals are “lower cycloalkyl” radicals having three to about tencarbon atoms. Examples of such radicals include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl. The term “cycloalkyl” additionallyencompasses spiro systems wherein the cycloalkyl ring has a carbon ringatom in common with the seven-membered heterocyclic ring of thebenzothiazepine.

[0550] The term “cycloalkenyl” includes partially unsaturatedcarbocyclic radicals having three to twelve carbon atoms. Cycloalkenylradicals that are partially unsaturated carbocyclic radicals thatcontain two double bonds (that may or may not be conjugated) can becalled “cycloalkyldienyl”. More preferred cycloalkenyl radicals are“lower cycloalkenyl” radicals having four to about ten carbon atoms.Examples of such radicals include cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl andcyclohexenyl.

[0551] The term “halo” and “halogen” includes halogens such as fluorine,chlorine, bromine or iodine atoms. The term “haloalkyl” includesradicals wherein any one or more of the alkyl carbon atoms issubstituted with halo as defined above. Specifically embraced aremonohaloalkyl, dihaloalkyl and polyhaloalkyl radicals. A monohaloalkylradical, for one example, may have either an iodo, bromo, chloro orfluoro atom within the radical. Dihalo and polyhaloalkyl radicals mayhave two or more of the same halo atoms or a combination of differenthalo radicals. “Lower haloalkyl” includes radicals having one to sixcarbon atoms. Examples of haloalkyl radicals include fluoromethyl,difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chloromethyl, dichloromethyl,trichloromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, heptafluoropropyl,difluorochloromethyl, dichlorofluoromethyl, difluoroethyl,difluoropropyl, dichloroethyl and dichloropropyl. “Perfluoroalkyl”includes alkyl radicals having all hydrogen atoms replaced with fluoroatoms. Examples include trifluoromethyl and pentafluoroethyl.

[0552] The term “hydroxyalkyl” includes linear or branched alkylradicals having one to about ten carbon atoms any one of which may besubstituted with one or more hydroxyl radicals. More preferredhydroxyalkyl radicals are “lower hydroxyalkyl” radicals having one tosix carbon atoms and one or more hydroxyl radicals. Examples of suchradicals include hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl,hydroxybutyl and hydroxyhexyl. Even more preferred are lowerhydroxyalkyl radicals having one to three carbon atoms.

[0553] The term “aryl”, alone or in combination, includes a carbocyclicaromatic system containing one or more rings wherein such rings may beattached together in a pendent manner or may be fused. The term “aryl”includes aromatic radicals such as phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl,indane, biphenyl, and anthracenyl. More preferred aryl is phenyl. Said“aryl” group may have one to three substituents such as lower alkyl,hydroxy, halo, haloalkyl, nitro, cyano, alkoxy and lower alkylamino.

[0554] The term “heterocyclyl” includes saturated, partially saturatedand unsaturated heteroatom-containing ring-shaped radicals, where theheteroatoms may be selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen. Preferredheterocyclyl are 3-10 membered ring heterocyclyl, particularly 5-8membered ring heterocyclyl. Examples of saturated heterocyclic radicalsinclude saturated 3 to 6-membered heteromonocyclic groups containing 1to 4 nitrogen atoms [e.g. pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidino,piperazinyl]; saturated 3 to 6-membered heteromonocyclic groupscontaining 1 to 2 oxygen atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms [e.g.morpholinyl]; saturated 3 to 6-membered heteromonocyclic groupscontaining 1 to 2 sulfur atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms [e.g.,thiazolidinyl]. Examples of partially saturated heterocyclyl radicalsinclude dihydrothiophene, dihydropyran, dihydrofuran anddihydrothiazole. Examples of unsaturated heterocyclic radicals, alsotermed “heteroaryl” radicals, include unsaturated 5 to 6 memberedheteromonocyclyl groups containing 1 to 4 nitrogen atoms, for example,pyrrolinyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl,pyrimidyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazolyl [e.g., 4H-1,2,4-triazolyl,1H-1,2,3-triazolyl, 2H-1,2,3-triazolyl]; unsaturated condensedheterocyclic groups containing 1 to 5 nitrogen atoms, for example,indolyl, isoindolyl, indolizinyl, benzimidazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl,indazolyl, benzotriazolyl, tetrazolopyridazinyl [e.g., tetrazolo[1,5-b]pyridazinyl]; unsaturated 3 to 6-membered heteromonocyclic groupscontaining an oxygen atom, for example, pyranyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, etc.;unsaturated 5 to 6-membered heteromonocyclic groups containing a sulfuratom, for example, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, etc.; unsaturated 5- to6-membered heteromonocyclic groups containing 1 to 2 oxygen atoms and 1to 3 nitrogen atoms, for example, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl [e.g.,1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl]; unsaturatedcondensed heterocyclic groups containing 1 to 2 oxygen atoms and 1 to 3nitrogen atoms [e.g. benzoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl]; unsaturated 5 to6-membered heteromonocyclic groups containing 1 to 2 sulfur atoms and 1to 3 nitrogen atoms, for example, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl [e.g.,1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl]; unsaturatedcondensed heterocyclic groups containing 1 to 2 sulfur atoms and 1 to 3nitrogen atoms [e.g., benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl] and the like.The term also includes radicals where heterocyclic radicals are fusedwith aryl radicals. Examples of such fused bicyclic radicals includebenzofuran, benzothiophene, and the like. Said “heterocyclyl” group mayhave 1 to 3 substituents such as lower alkyl, hydroxy, oxo, amino andlower alkylamino.

[0555] Heterocyclic radicals can include fused or unfused radicals,particularly 3-10 membered fused or unfused radicals. Preferred examplesof heteroaryl radicals include benzofuryl, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuryl,benzothienyl, indolyl, dihydroindolyl, chromanyl, benzopyran,thiochromanyl, benzothiopyran, benzodioxolyl, benzodioxanyl, pyridyl,thienyl, thiazolyl, furyl, and pyrazinyl. More preferred heteroarylradicals are 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, containing one or twoheteroatoms selected from sulfur nitrogen and oxygen, selected fromthienyl, furanyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl,isothiazolyl, pyridyl, piperidinyl and pyrazinyl.

[0556] The term “heteroaryl” includes a fully unsaturated heterocyclyl.

[0557] In either “heterocyclyl” or “heteroaryl,” the point of attachmentto the molecule of interest can be at the heteroatom or elsewhere withinthe ring.

[0558] The term “triazolyl” includes all positional isomers. In allother heterocyclyl and heteroaryl which contain more than one ringheteroatom and for which isomers are possible, such isomers are includedin the definition of said heterocyclyl and heteroaryl.

[0559] The term “quaternary heterocyclyl” includes a heterocyclyl inwhich one or more of the heteroatoms, for example, nitrogen, sulfur,phosphorus or oxygen, has such a number of bonds that it is positivelycharged (and therefore the term is intended to encompass both ternaryand quaternary positively charged structures). The point of attachmentof the quaternary heterocyclyl to the molecule of interest can be at aheteroatom or elsewhere.

[0560] The term “quaternary heteroaryl” includes a heteroaryl in whichone or more of the heteroatoms, for example, nitrogen, sulfur,phosphorus or oxygen, has such a number of bonds that it is positivelycharged (and therefore the term is intended to encompass both ternaryand quaternary positively charged structures). The point of attachmentof the quaternary heteroaryl to the molecule of interest can be at aheteroatom or elsewhere.

[0561] The term “oxo” includes a doubly bonded oxygen.

[0562] The term “polyalkyl” includes a branched or straight hydrocarbonchain having a molecular weight up to about 20,000, more preferably upto about 10,000, and most preferably up to about 5,000.

[0563] The term “polyether” includes a polyalkyl wherein one or morecarbons are replaced by oxygen, wherein the polyether has a molecularweight up to about 20,000, more preferably up to about 10,000, and mostpreferably up to about 5,000.

[0564] The term “polyalkoxy” includes a polymer of alkylene oxides,wherein the polyalkoxy has a molecular weight up to about 20,000, morepreferably up to about 10,000, and most preferably up to about 5,000.

[0565] The term “carbohydrate residue” encompasses residues derived fromcarbohydrates such as, but is not limited to, mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-and polysaccharides wherein the polysaccharides can have a molecularweight of up to about 20,000, for example, hydroxypropyl-methylcelluloseor chitosan residue; compounds derived from aldoses and ketoses with 3to 7 carbon atoms and which belong to the D- or L-series; aminosugars;sugar alcohols; and saccharic acids. Nonlimiting specific examples ofsuch carbohydrates include glucose, mannose, fructose, galactose,ribose, erythrose, glycerinaldehyde, sedoheptulose, glucosamine,galactosamine, glucoronic acid, galacturonic acid, gluconic acid,galactonic acid, mannoic acid, glucamine, 3-amino-1,2-propanediol,glucaric acid and galactaric acid.

[0566] The term “peptide residue” includes polyamino acid residuecontaining up to about 100 amino acid units.

[0567] The term “polypeptide residue” includes a polyamino acid residuecontaining from about 100 amino acid units to about 1000 amino acidunits, more preferably from about 100 amino acid units to about 750amino acid units, and most preferably from about 100 amino acid units toabout 500 amino acid units.

[0568] The term “alkylammoniumalkyl” includes an an —NH₂ group or amono-, di- or tri-substituted amino group, any of which is bonded to analkyl wherein said alkyl is bonded to the molecule of interest.

[0569] The term “sulfo” includes a sulfo group, —SO₃H, and its salts.

[0570] The term “sulfoalkyl” includes an alkyl group to which asulfonate group is bonded, wherein said alkyl is bonded to the moleculeof interest.

[0571] The term “aralkyl” includes aryl-substituted alkyl radicals.Preferable aralkyl radicals are “lower aralkyl” radicals having arylradicals attached to alkyl radicals having one to six carbon atoms. Evenmore preferred are lower aralkyl radicals having phenyl attached toalkyl portions having one to three carbon atoms. Examples of suchradicals include benzyl, diphenylmethyl and phenylethyl. The aryl insaid aralkyl may be additionally substituted with halo, alkyl, alkoxy,halkoalkyl and haloalkoxy.

[0572] The term “arylalkenyl” includes aryl-substituted alkenylradicals. Preferable arylalkenyl radicals are “lower arylalkenyl”radicals having aryl radicals attached to alkenyl radicals having

[0573] The term “heterocyclylalkyl” includes an alkyl radical that issubstituted with one or more heterocyclyl groups. Preferableheterocyclylalkyl radicals are “lower heterocyclylalkyl” radicals havingone or more heterocyclyl groups attached to an alkyl radical having oneto ten carbon atoms.

[0574] The term “heteroarylalkyl” includes an alkyl radical that issubstituted with one or more heteroaryl groups. Preferableheteroarylalkyl radicals are “lower heteroarylalkyl” radicals having oneor more heteroaryl groups attached to an alkyl radical having one to tencarbon atoms.

[0575] The term “quaternary heterocyclylalkyl” includes an alkyl radicalthat is substituted with one or more quaternary heterocyclyl groups.Preferable quaternary heterocyclylalkyl radicals are “lower quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl” radicals having one or more quaternary heterocyclylgroups attached to an alkyl radical having one to ten carbon atoms.

[0576] The term “quaternary heteroarylalkyl” includes an alkyl radicalthat is substituted with one or more quaternary heteroaryl groups.Preferable quaternary heteroarylalkyl radicals are “lower quaternaryheteroarylalkyl” radicals having one or more quaternary heteroarylgroups attached to an alkyl radical having one to ten carbon atoms.

[0577] The term “alkylheteroarylalkyl” includes a heteroarylalkylradical that is substituted with one or more alkyl groups. Preferablealkylheteroarylalkyl radicals are “lower alkylheteroarylalkyl” radicalswith alkyl portions having one to ten carbon atoms.

[0578] The term “alkoxy” includes an alkyl radical which is attached tothe molecule of interest by oxygen, such as a methoxy radical. Morepreferred alkoxy radicals are “lower alkoxy” radicals having one to sixcarbon atoms. Examples of such radicals include methoxy, ethoxy,propoxy, iso-propoxy, butoxy and tert-butoxy.

[0579] The term “carboxy” includes the carboxy group, —CO₂H, and itssalts.

[0580] The term “carboxyalkyl” includes an alkyl radical that issubstituted with one or more carboxy groups. Preferable carboxyalkylradicals are “lower carboxyalkyl” radicals having one or more carboxygroups attached to an alkyl radical having one to six carbon atoms.

[0581] The term “carboxyheterocyclyl” includes a heterocyclyl radicalthat is substituted with one or more carboxy groups.

[0582] The term “carboxyheteroaryl” includes a heteroaryl radical thatis substituted with one or more carboxy groups.

[0583] The term “carboalkoxyalkyl” includes an alkyl radical that issubstituted with one or more alkoxycarbonyl groups. Preferablecarboalkoxyalkyl radicals are “lower carboalkoxyalkyl” radicals havingone or more alkoxycarbonyl groups attached to an alkyl radical havingone to six carbon atoms.

[0584] The term “carboxyalkylamino” includes an amino radical that ismono- or di-substituted When used in combination, for example“alkylaryl” or “arylalkyl,” the individual terms listed above have themeaning indicated above.

[0585] The term “acyl” includes an organic acid group in which thehydroxy of the carboxy group has been removed. Examples of acyl groupsinclude, but are not limited to, acetyl and benzoyl.

[0586] The term “hydrocarbyl” refers to radicals consisting exclusivelyof the elements carbon and hydrogen. These radicals include, forexample, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, and arylmoieties. These radicals also include alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl,cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, and aryl moieties substituted with otheraliphatic or cyclic hydrocarbon groups, such as alkaryl, alkenaryl andalkynaryl. Preferably, these moieties comprise 1 to 20 carbon atoms,1-10 carbons or 1-6 carbons.

[0587] The term “a substituted hydrocarbyl” refers to a hydrocarbylradical that is substituted with a group comprising at least one atomother than carbon, such as but not limited to, halogen, oxygen,nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus. Examples of such substitutedhydrocarbyl include hydrocarbyl radicals substituted with groups suchas, but not limited to, lower alkoxy such as methoxy, ethoxy, andbutoxy; halogen such as chloro and fluoro; ethers; acetals; ketals;esters; heterocyclyl such as furyl and thienyl; alkanoxy; hydroxy;protected hydroxy; acyl; acyloxy; nitro; cyano; amino; and amido.Substituted hydrocarbyl also includes hydrocarbyl radicals in which acarbon chain atom is replaced with a heteroatom such as nitrogen,oxygen, sulfur, or a halogen.

[0588] The additional terms used to describe the substituents of thecompounds of the present invention and not specifically defined hereinare defined in a similar manner to that illustrated in the abovedefinitions.

[0589] General Synthetic Procedures

[0590] The compounds of the present invention can be synthesizedaccording to the general synthetic procedures set forth below. Thesubstituents of the compounds shown in the following proceduresgenerally have the same definition as the substituents at thecorresponding position in the compounds of Formulae I, IA, IB, III, V,VII, VIII and/or IX, except where further noted.

[0591] The synthetic methods for the preparation of the1,4-benzothiazepines disclosed, for example, in WO93/16055, WO94/18183,WO94/18184, WO96/05188, WO98/05657, U.S. Pat. No. 5,910,494, and U.S.Pat. No. 6,020,330 can be modified as illustrated below and in theworking examples to prepare the 1,4-benzothiazapine compounds of thepresent invention.

[0592] In particular, the 1,4-benzothiazapine compounds of the presentinvention can be prepared as set forth in Scheme I below.

[0593] The 5-position phenyl group of the 1,4-benzothiazepineintermediates of Scheme I can be further substituted (with R) asspecifically disclosed in this application or, for example, bysubstituting the 5-position phenyl group through suitable modificationof the methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,994,391 and WO99/64409.

[0594] The synthetic methods for the preparation of 1,5-benzothiazepinesdisclosed, for example, in WO96/16051 and WO99/35135 can be modified asillustrated below and in the working examples to prepare the1,5-benzothiazapine compounds of the present invention.

[0595] In particular, the 1,5-benzothiazapine compounds of the presentinvention can be prepared as set forth in Scheme II below.

[0596] The 5-position phenyl group of the 1,5-benzothiazepineintermediates can be can be further substituted (with R) as specificallydisclosed in this application or, for example, by substituting the5-position phenyl group through suitable modification of the methodsdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,994,391 and WO99/64409.

[0597] Working Examples

[0598] The following examples contain detailed descriptions of themethods of preparation of the compounds of the present invention. Thesedetailed descriptions fall within the scope, and serve to exemplify, theabove-described general synthetic procedures which form part of theinvention. These detailed descriptions are presented for illustrativepurposes only and are not intended as a restriction on the scope of theinvention. All parts are by weight and temperatures are in degreescentigrade unless otherwise indicated. The preparation of the reagentsused in these Examples is either specifically disclosed herein or suchreagents are commercially available.

[0599] The following abbreviations are used in the examples below:

[0600] Me—methyl

[0601] Et—ethyl

[0602] EtOH—ethanol

[0603] Et₃N—triethylamine

[0604] HCl—hydrochloric acid

[0605] LAH—lithium aluminum hydride

[0606] LiOH—lithium hydroxide

[0607] MeOH—methanol

[0608] NaOH—sodium hydroxide

[0609] Ph—phenyl

[0610] PTSA—para-toluene sulfonic acid

[0611] RT—room temperature

[0612] THF—tetrahydrofuran

EXAMPLE 1

[0613]

[0614] Compounds 1 and 2 are prepared in accordance with the procedureset forth in Synthetic Example 1 of patent application WO96/05188,except that 4-methoxybenzoyl chloride and 3-methoxybenzoyl chloride,respectively, are substituted for benzoyl chloride in step (h).

EXAMPLE 2

[0615]

[0616] Step 1: Preparation of 4-fluorophenyl Substituted Intermediate

[0617] A 4-fluorophenyl substituted intermediate is prepared inaccordance with the procedure set forth in Synthetic Example 1 of patentapplication WO96/05188, except that 4-fluorophenol is substituted for3,4-dimethoxyphenol and 4-methoxybenzoyl chloride (or 3-methoxybenzoylchloride) is substituted for benzoyl chloride in step (h) of SyntheticExample 1.

[0618] Step 2: Preparation of Dimethylamino-Compound

[0619] A Fisher porter bottle is fitted with a nitrogen line andmagnetic stirrer. The system is purged with nitrogen. The 4-fluorophenylsubstituted intermediate (62.6 mmol) obtained from Step 1 is added andthe vessel is sealed and cooled to −78° C. Dimethylamine (17.1 g, 379mmol) is condensed using a CO₂/acetone bath and added to the reactionvessel. The mixture is allowed to warm to room temperature and heated to60° C. After 20 hours, the reaction mixture is allowed to cool anddissolved in ethyl ether. The ether solution is washed with water andthen with saturated aqueous sodium chloride. It is then dried withmagnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to give compound3 (or compound 4 when 3-methoxybenzoyl chloride is used in Step 1).

EXAMPLE 3

[0620]

[0621] Step 1: Preparation of 2-amino-2-butylhexyl Hydrogen Sulfate

[0622] A 2-amino-2-butylhexyl hydrogen sulfate is prepared in accordancewith the procedure set forth in steps (a) through (g) of SyntheticExample 1 of patent application WO96/05188, except that 2-aminohexanoicacid is substituted for 2-aminobutyric acid in step (a) of SyntheticExample 1.

[0623] Step 2: Preparation of the Dimethoxybenzothiazepine

[0624] Compounds 7 and 8 are prepared in accordance with the procedureset forth in steps (h) through (O) of Synthetic Example 1 of patentapplication WO96/05188, except that 2-amino-2-butylhexyl hydrogensulfate (obtained from Step 1) is substituted for 2-amino-2-ethylhexylhydrogen sulfate, and either 4-methoxybenzoyl chloride (for Compound 7)or 3-methoxybenzoyl chloride (for Compound 8) is substituted for benzoylchloride in Step (h) of Synthetic Example 1.

EXAMPLE 4

[0625]

[0626] Step 1: Preparation of 4-fluorophenyl Substituted Intermediate

[0627] A 4-fluorophenyl substituted intermediate is prepared inaccordance with the procedure set forth in steps (h) through (O) ofSynthetic Example 1 of patent application WO96/05188, except that (a)4-fluorophenol is substituted for 3,4-dimethoxyphenol in step (h) ofSynthetic Example 1, (b) either 4-methoxybenzoyl chloride (for Compound9) or 3-methoxybenzoyl chloride (for Compound 10) is substituted forbenzoyl chloride in step (h) of Synthetic Example 1, and (c)2-amino-2-butylhexyl hydrogen sulfate (obtained from Example 3, Step 1)is substituted for 2-amino-2-ethylhexyl hydrogen sulfate in step (h) ofSynthetic Example 1.

[0628] Step 2: Preparation of Dimethylamino-Compound

[0629] A Fisher porter bottle is fitted with nitrogen line and magneticstirrer. The system is purged with nitrogen. The 4-fluorophenylsubstituted intermediate (62.6 mmol, obtained from Step 1) is added, andthe vessel is sealed and cooled to −78° C. Dimethylamine (17.1 g, 379mmol) is condensed using a CO₂/acetone bath and added to the reactionvessel. The mixture is allowed to warm to room temperature and heated to60° C. After 20 hours, the reaction mixture is allowed to cool anddissolved in ethyl ether. The ether solution is washed with water andthen saturated aqueous sodium chloride. It is then dried (magnesiumsulfate), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to give either Compound 9(when 4-methoxybenzoyl chloride is used in Step 1) or 10 (when3-methoxybenzoyl chloride is used in Step 1).

EXAMPLE 5 Alternate Route to Compounds 3 and 9

[0630]

[0631] Step 1: Preparation of Chlorobenzophenone

[0632] In an inert atmosphere, 68.3 g of phosphorus pentachloride (0.328mole Aldrich 15,777-5) is placed into a 2-necked 500 mL round bottomflask. The flask is fitted with a nitrogen inlet adapter and suba seal.The flask is removed from the inert atmosphere and a nitrogen purge isbegun. 50 mL of anhydrous chlorobenzene (Aldrich 28,451-3) is added tothe phosphorus pentachloride via syringe and the solution is stirredwith a magnetic stir bar. 60 g of 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzoic acid (0.298mole Aldrich 12,511-3) is slowly added to the chlorobenzene solutionunder nitrogen purge. After stirring at room temperature for about 20hours, the solution is placed in an oil bath and heated at 50° C. for 1hour. The chlorobenzene is removed from the solution by high vacuum. Theresidue is washed with anhydrous hexane to yield a dry acid chloridehaving a weight of 61.95 g. The acid chloride is stored in an inert anddry atmosphere.

[0633] In an inert atmosphere, the acid chloride is mixed with 105 mL ofanhydrous anisole (0.97 mole Aldrich 29,629-5) in a 2-necked 500 mLround bottom flask. The flask is fitted with an addition funnel and anitrogen inlet adapter and removed from inert atmosphere. The reactionsolution is chilled with an ice bath and a nitrogen purge is begun. 45.1g of aluminum chloride (0.34 moles Aldrich 29,471-3) is placed in asolid addition funnel and the aluminum chloride is slowly added to thechilled solution. After the addition is complete, the solution isallowed to warm to room temperature and stirred overnight. The reactionis quenched by pouring the solution into a mixture of 300 mL 1N HCl andice. The resulting solution is stirred for 15 minutes and extractedtwice with ether. The organic layers are combined and extracted twicewith 2% sodium hydroxide, and then twice with deionized water. Theextracted organic layer is then dried with magnesium sulfate, filteredand further dried using a rotovap. Remaining anisole is then removed byhigh vacuum. The resulting product is crystallized from 90% ethanol 10%ethyl acetate and dried on a vacuum line.

[0634] Step 2: Preparation of Thiobenzophenone Intermediate

[0635] 10.12 g (0.036 moles) of the chlorobenzophenone intermediateobtained from Step 1 is combined with 200 mL of anhydrousdimethylsulfoxide and placed in a 500 mL round bottom flask equippedwith a magnetic stir bar. The flask is fitted with a water condenser,nitrogen inlet, and stopper. 1.84 g of Li₂S (0.040 moles Aldrich21,324-1) is added. The flask is placed in an oil bath and heatedovernight at 75° C. under nitrogen. The solution is cooled to roomtemperature. 500 mL of 5% acetic acid is prepared in a 2 liter beakerand then added slowly to the solution in the flask while stirring ismaintained in the flask. After 30 minutes, the solution is extractedwith ether three times, dried (magnesium sulfate), filtered andconcentrated in vacuo to give a thiobenzophenone intermediate.

[0636] Step 3: Preparation of Thioamine Intermediate

[0637] A solution of the thiobenzophenone intermediate (198 mmol,obtained from Step 2) in butyl acetate (300 mL) is added to a solutionof the ethyl-butyl amine (for compound 3) or butyl-butyl amine (forcompound 9) (obtained as set forth in Synthetic Example 1 of WO96/05188or in Example 3, Step 1 of the present application) in water (250 mL).The reaction mixture is stirred and heated to 93° C. Sodium hydroxide(18.9 g) in water (250 mL) is added dropwise. After complete addition,the reaction is stirred an additional 25 minutes at 93° C. and thencooled to room temperature. The organic layer is separated, dried andconcentrated to give a thioamine intermediate.

[0638] Step 4: Preparation of the Cyclic Imine Intermediate

[0639] The thioamine intermediate (194 mmol, obtained from Step 3) isdissolved in 2,6-lutidine. p-Toluenesulfonic acid (0.70 g) is added andthe reaction mixture is refluxed using a Dean Stark trap. After 22 hoursof refluxing, the reaction mixture is concentrated in vacuo.Chromatography on silica gel gives the purified cyclic imineintermediate.

[0640] Step 5: Preparation of the Cylic Amine Intermediate

[0641] A 1M solution of diborane in tetrahydrofuran (200 mL) is added toa solution of the cyclic imine intermediate (167 mmol, obtained fromStep 4) in tetrahydrofuran (350 mL). The reaction mixture is stirred atroom temperature for 17 hours and then 6N HCl (150 mL) is added. Thetetrahydrofuran is removed under reduced pressure and the aqueousresidue basified with 50% sodium hydroxide. The resulting solution isextracted with ethyl acetate and the ethyl acetate layer is separated,dried and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by chromatography onsilica gel gives the cyclic amine intermediate.

[0642] Step 6: Preparation of the Sulfone Intermediate

[0643] A solution of the cyclic amine intermediate (66.2 mmol, obtainedfrom Step 5) in trifluoroacetic acid (125 mL) is added to 30% water(18.8 g) in trifluoroacetic acid (100 mL). The reaction mixture isstirred at room temperature for 17 hours and then poured into water (800mL). 50% sodium hydroxide is then added until the mixture reaches a pHof 10. The reaction mixture is layered with ethyl acetate and stirredfor 1 hour. The organic layer is separated, dried and concentrated invacuo. The residue is purified by recrystallization or chromatography onsilica gel to give the desired sulfone intermediate.

[0644] Step 7: Preparation of the Dimethylamino-Benzothiazepine

[0645] The sulfone intermediate (20.4 mmol, obtained from Step 6) andethanol (160 mL) are placed in a 300 mL Parr reactor. Formaldehyde (15.3mL, 189 mmol, 37 weight percent in water) and 10% Pd/Carbon (1.45 g) areadded. The reactor is heated to 55° C. under hydrogen overnight. Thereactor is cooled and purged with nitrogen. The solution is filteredthrough celite while washing with ether. The mixture is concentrated invacuo, redissolved with ether, and washed with water. The organic layeris dried (magnesium sulfate), filtered and concentrated in vacuo to givethe desired dimethylamino-benzothiazepine 3 or 9.

EXAMPLE 6

[0646] A 250-mL, 3-neck, round-bottom flask is equipped with a nitrogengas adaptor and magnetic stirrer. The system is purged with nitrogen.The corresponding methoxy-compound 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9 or 10 (14.0 mmol)and trichloromethate (150 mL) are added to the flask. The reactionmixture is cooled to −78° C. and boron tribromide (10.50 g/41.9 mmol permethoxy group) is added. The mixture is allowed to warm to roomtemperature. After 4 hours, the reaction mixture is cooled to 0° C. andquenched with 10% K₂CO₃ (100 mL). After 10 minutes, the layers areseparated and the aqueous layer is extracted two times with ethyl ether.The trichloromethane and ether extracts are combined, washed withsaturated aqueous sodium chloride, dried (magnesium sulfate), filtered,and concentrated in vacuo to give the desired product 13, 14, 15, 16,17, 18, 19 or 20. See, M. Kitamura et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 106,3252-57 (1984).

EXAMPLE 7

[0647]

[0648] A 250-mL, 3-neck, round-bottom flask is equipped with a nitrogengas adaptor and magnetic stirrer. The system is purged with nitrogen.The corresponding hydroxy-compound 13, 14, 17 or 18 (14.0 mmol) anddimethylformamide (150 mL) are added to the flask. The reaction mixtureis cooled to 5° C. Acetone (48 mL), 2,2-dimethoxypropane (9.6 mL), andpyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (0.54 g) are added to the reactionmixture. After 24 hours, Amberlite IRA 402 (a strongly basic anionexchanger, quaternary ammonium type resin, chloride form, available fromSigma Chemical) is added to neutralize the catalyst. After 24 hours, theresin is removed by filtration, and the filtrate concentrated in vacuoto give the desired product 21, 22, 23 or 24. See, M. Kitamura et al.,J. Am. Chem. Soc., 106, 3252-57 (1984).

EXAMPLE 8

[0649]

[0650] Step 1: Preparation of Glycine Ester Intermediate

[0651] To a solution of (13.9 mmol) of 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 or 24(obtained from Example 6 or 7) and 2.9 g (21.0 mmol) of potassiumcarbonate in 100 mL of acetone is added 3.8 g (21.0 mmol) ofN-(chloroacetyl)glycine ethyl ester and 50 mg (0.14 mmol) oftetrabutylammonium iodide. The reaction mixture is heated to reflux for2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and stirred for 20 hours. It isthen partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The organic layer iswashed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated invacuo to afford a glycine ester intermediate.

[0652] Step 2: Preparation of Acid

[0653] A solution of the glycine ester intermediate (12.1 mmol, obtainedfrom Step 1) and 1.5 g LiOH.H₂O (36.3 mmol) in 60 mL of tetrahydrofuranand 60 mL of water is heated to 45° C. for 2 hours. The solution is thencooled to ambient temperature, acidified with 1 N HCl and partitionedbetween ethyl acetate and water. The organic layer is washed with brine,dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated in vacuo to give thedesired compound 25. For reactions with reagents 21, 22, 23 or 24,removal of the acetonide protecting group is accomplished by dissolvingthe substrate in 4:1 tetrahydrofuran/water at 0° C., adding excesstrifluoroacetic acid, and stirring at room temperature overnight. Thereaction is neutralized with ammonium hydroxide, and the tetrahydrofuranremoved under reduced pressure. The product is then extracted into ethylacetate, and concentrated in vacuo to give the desired product 25. See,e.g., Y. Leblanc et al., J. Org. Chem., 51, 189-93 (1986).

EXAMPLE 9

[0654]

[0655] Step 1: Preparation of Propyl Tosylate Intermediate

[0656] A solution of 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 or 24 (10.9 mmol,obtained from Example 6 or 7) in acetone (100 mL) at 25° C. undernitrogen is treated with powdered K₂CO₃ (3.8 g, 27.2 mmol, 2.5equivalents) and 1,3-propanediol di-p-tosylate (13.0 g, 32.6 mmol, 3.0equivalents), and the resulting mixture is stirred at 65° C. for 21hours. The cream-colored slurry is cooled to 25° C. and is filteredthrough a sintered glass funnel. The filtrate is concentrated and theresidue dissolved in ethyl acetate (150 mL). The organic layer is washedwith saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (2×150 mL) and saturatedaqueous sodium chloride (2×150 mL), and is dried (magnesium sulfate) andconcentrated in vacuo to afford a propyl tosylate intermediate. Forreactions with reagents 21, 22, 23 or 24, removal of the acetonideprotecting group is accomplished by dissolving the substrate in 4:1tetrahydrofuran/water at 0° C., adding excess trifluoroacetic acid, andstirring at room temperature overnight. The reaction is neutralized withammonium hydroxide, and the tetrahydrofuran removed under reducedpressure. The product is then extracted into ethyl acetate, andconcentrated in vacuo to give a propyl tosylate intermediate. See, e.g.,Y. Leblanc et al., J. Org. Chem., 51, 189-93 (1986).

[0657] Step 2: Preparation of Quaternary Salt

[0658] A solution of the propyl tosylate intermediate (1.56 mmol,obtained from Step 1) in acetonitrile (15 mL) at 25° C. under nitrogenis treated with diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane (“DABCO”, 0.26 g, 2.34 mmol,1.5 equivalents) and stirred at 50° C. for 6 hours and then at 25° C.for 14 hours. The pale amber solution is cooled to 25° C. andconcentrated in vacuo to give the desired compound 26.

EXAMPLE 10

[0659]

[0660] Step 1: Preparation of Butyl Mesylate Intermediate

[0661] A mixture of 2.18 mmol of 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 or 24(obtained from Example 6 or 7), 2.68 g (10.88 mmol) of busulfan, and1.50 g (10.88 mmol) of potassium carbonate in 20 mL of acetone isstirred at reflux overnight. The mixture is concentrated in vacuo andthe crude is dissolved in 30 mL of ethyl acetate. The insoluble solid isfiltered off and the filtrate is concentrated in vacuo. The resultingwhite foam is chromatographed through a silica gel column and elutedwith 30% ethyl acetate/hexane to give the butyl mesylate intermediate.For reactions with reagents 21, 22, 23 or 24, removal of the acetonideprotecting group is accomplished by dissolving the substrate in 4:1tetrahydrofuran/water at 0° C., adding excess trifluoroacetic acid, andstirring at room temperature overnight. The reaction is neutralized withammonium hydroxide, and the tetrahydrofuran removed under reducedpressure. The product is then extracted into ethyl acetate andconcentrated in vacuo to give a butyl mesylate intermediate. See, e.g.,Y. Leblanc et al., J. Org. Chem., 51, 189-93 (1986).

[0662] Step 2: Preparation of Quaternary Salt

[0663] A solution of 0.85 mmol of the butyl mesylate intermediate(obtained from Step 1) and 191 mg (1.71 mmol) ofdiazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane in 10 mL of acetonitrile is stirred at 80° C.for 4 hours. The reaction mixture is concentrated in vacuo to yield awhite foam. The foam is crushed and washed with ether. The solid isfiltered off and dried in vacuo to give the desired compound 27.

EXAMPLE 11

[0664]

[0665] A solution of 1.64 mmol of the butyl mesylate intermediate(obtained from Example 10, Step 1) and 15 mL of triethylamine in 10 mLof acetonitrile is heated at 50° C. for 2 days. The solvent isevaporated and the residue triturated with ether and ethyl acetate toafford the desired product 28.

EXAMPLE 12

[0666]

[0667] A solution of 1.64 mmol of the butyl mesylate intermediate(obtained from Example 10, Step 1) and 234 mg (2.46 mmol) of3-hydroxy-pyridine in 1 mL of dimethylformamide is heated at 70° C. for20 hours. The solvent is evaporated and the residue triturated withether and ethyl acetate to afford the desired product 29.

EXAMPLE 13

[0668]

[0669] Step 1: Preparation of Pentyl Bromide Intermediate

[0670] 13.1 mmol of 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 or 24 (obtained fromExample 6 or 7) is added to a stirred solution of 0.63 g (15.72 mmol,60% dispersion) of sodium hydride in 85 mL of dimethylformamide. Theresulting solution is stirred at ambient temperature for 1 hour. 37.7 g(163.75 mmol) of 1,5-dibromopentane is added to the solution and thesolution stirred overnight at ambient temperature. The dimethylformamideis removed in vacuo and the residue is extracted with ethyl acetate andwashed with brine. The extract is dried over magnesium sulfate, and theconcentrated residue purified by column chromatography to give a pentylbromide intermediate.

[0671] Step 2: Preparation of Diester Intermediate

[0672] A mixture of 14.1 mmol of the pentyl bromide intermediate(obtained from Step 1), −65 g (0.35 mol) of diethylaminodiacetate and7.5 g (71 mmol) of anhydrous Na₂CO₃ is stirred at 160° C. for 3 hours.The reaction mixture is diluted with water and extracted with methylenechloride. The volatiles are removed in vacuo to give the diesterintermediate. For reactions with reagents 21, 22, 23 or 24, removal ofthe acetonide protecting group is accomplished by dissolving thesubstrate in 4:1 tetrahydrofuran/water at 0° C., adding excesstrifluoroacetic acid, and stirring at room temperature overnight. Thereaction is neutralized with ammonium hydroxide, and the tetrahydrofuranremoved under reduced pressure. The product is then extracted into ethylacetate and concentrated in vacuo to give a diester intermediate. See,e.g., Y. Leblanc et al., J. Org. Chem., 51, 189-93 (1986).

[0673] Step 3: Preparation of Diacid

[0674] The mixture of the diester intermediate (obtained from Step 2)and 2.7 g (64.3 mmol) of lithium hydroxide in tetrahydrofuran (75 mL)and water (50 mL) is stirred at 40° C. for 18 hours. The reactionmixture is acidified with 1% HCl and extracted with methylene chloride.The residue is triturated with hexane and filtered to give the desiredcompound 30.

EXAMPLE 14

[0675]

[0676] Step 1: Preparation of Pentyl Iodide Intermediate

[0677] To a solution of 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 or 24 (6.53 mmol,obtained from Example 6 or 7) in 100 mL of dimethylformamide is added198 mg (7.83 mmol) of 95% sodium hydride. The mixture is stirred 15minutes at room temperature and diiodopentane is added. After 1 hour atroom temperature the mixture is diluted in ethyl acetate and water. Theaqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate and the combined organiclayer washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentratedin vacuo. The residue is chromatographed over silica gel, eluting withhexane/ethyl acetate (1/5) to afford a pentyl iodide intermediate. Forreactions with reagents 21, 22, 23 or 24, removal of the acetonideprotecting group is accomplished by dissolving the substrate in 4:1tetrahydrofuran/water at 0° C., adding excess trifluoroacetic acid, andstirring at room temperature overnight. The reaction is neutralized withammonium hydroxide, and the tetrahydrofuran removed under reducedpressure. The product is then extracted into ethyl acetate, andconcentrated in vacuo to give the pentyl iodide intermediate. See, e.g.,Y. Leblanc et al., J. Org. Chem., 51, 189-93 (1986).

[0678] Step 2: Preparation of Amino-Histamine

[0679] A solution of the pentyl iodide intermediate (1.53 mmol, obtainedfrom Step 1) and 3.4 g (30.6 mmol) of histamine is heated to 50° C. for17 hours. The mixture is dissolved in ethyl acetate and saturated sodiumbicarbonate. The organic layer is washed with brine, dried overmagnesium sulfate, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is trituratedwith ether to afford the desired compound 31.

EXAMPLE 15

[0680]

[0681] The pentyl bromide intermediate (1.64 mmol, obtained from Example13, Step 1) and N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-1,6-hexanediamine (0.100 g, 0.580mmol) in 5 mL of acetonitrile are placed in a 4 oz. Fischer Porterbottle. The reaction vessel is purged with nitrogen, sealed, equippedwith magnetic stirrer and heated to 50° C. After 15 hours, the reactionmixture is cooled to ambient temperature and concentrated in vacuo togive a foamy solid. The solid is dissolved in acetonitrile andprecipitated with ethyl ether to give the desired dibromide salt. Thedibromide salt is converted to its corresponding dichloride salt usingBiorad AG 2-X8 resin (a quaternary ammonium styrene type resin, chlorideform, available from Biorad Laboratories) and eluting with 70% H₂O/CH₃CNto give the desired compound 32.

EXAMPLE 16

[0682]

[0683] Step 1: Preparation of Pentyl Bromide Intermediate

[0684] To a stirred suspension of 1.01 g (25.4 mmol, 60% oil dispersion)of sodium hydride in 150 mL of dimethylformamide is added 19.5 mmol of15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 or 24 (obtained from Example 6 or 7) inportions. After 30 minutes, the reaction mixture is cooled in a waterbath (15° C.) and 4.48 g (195 mmol) of 1,5-dibromopentane is added. Thereaction mixture is stirred at ambient temperature for 1.5 hours andquenched with 50 mL of saturated ammonium chloride. The reaction mixtureis then diluted with ethyl acetate, washed with water, washed withbrine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuoto a pentyl bromide intermediate.

[0685] Step 2: Preparation of Pentyl Nitrile Intermediate

[0686] To a stirred solution of 0.621 mmol of the pentyl bromideintermediate (obtained from Step 1) in 1 mL of dimethylsulfoxide isadded 37 mg (0.745 mmol) of sodium cyanide. The reaction mixture isstirred at ambient temperature for 16 hours. The reaction mixture isconcentrated under a nitrogen stream and the residue partitioned betweenethyl acetate and water. The organic layer is washed with brine, driedover magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford apentyl nitrile intermediate.

[0687] Step 3: Preparation of Tetrazole

[0688] A solution of 0.5 mmol of the pentyl nitrile intermediate(obtained from Step 2) and 666 mg (3.23 mmol) of azidotrimethyltin in 5mL of toluene is stirred with heating at 80° C. for 60 hours. Thereaction mixture is concentrated under a nitrogen stream. Purificationby reversed phase chromatography (Waters-Delta preparative scale HPLC)using 60% water/acetonitrile yields the desired compound 33. Forreactions with reagents 21, 22, 23 or 24, removal of the acetonideprotecting group is accomplished by dissolving the substrate in 4:1tetrahydrofuran/water at 0° C., adding excess trifluoroacetic acid, andstirring at room temperature overnight. The reaction is neutralized withammonium hydroxide, and the tetrahydrofuran removed under reducedpressure. The product is then extracted into ethyl acetate andconcentrated in vacuo to give the desired compound 33. See, e.g., Y.Leblanc et al., J. Org. Chem., 51, 189-93 (1986).

EXAMPLE 17

[0689]

[0690] Step 1: Preparation of Benzoate Intermediate

[0691] To a solution of 1.15 mmol of 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 or 24(obtained from Example 6 or 7) in 10 mL dimethylformamide is added 35 mg(1.39 mmol) of 95% sodium hydride. The reaction mixture is stirred for10 minutes. To the reaction mixture is added 525 mg (2.29 mmol) ofmethyl 4-(bromomethyl)benzoate and the reaction mixture is stirred foran additional 16 hours. Water (100 mL) is added to the reaction mixture.The reaction mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate, washed with brine,dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and the solvent evaporated toafford a benzoate intermediate. For reactions with reagents 21, 22, 23or 24, removal of the acetonide protecting group is accomplished bydissolving the substrate in 4:1 tetrahydrofuran/water at 0° C., addingexcess trifluoroacetic acid, and stirring at room temperature overnight.The reaction is neutralized with ammonium hydroxide, and thetetrahydrofuran removed under reduced pressure. The product is thenextracted into ethyl acetate, and concentrated in vacuo to give abenzoate intermediate. See, e.g., Y. Leblanc et al., J. Org. Chem., 51,189-93 (1986).

[0692] Step 2: Preparation of Acid

[0693] A solution of 0.84 mmol of the benzoate intermediate (obtainedfrom Step 1) and 325 mg (2.53 mmol) of KOSi(CH₃)₃ (Aldrich) in 16 mLtetrahydrofuran is stirred for 3.5 hours. The tetrahydrofuran isevaporated and water is added. The solution is extracted with ethylacetate, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and the solventevaporated to afford the desired compound 34.

EXAMPLE 18

[0694]

[0695] Step 1: Preparation of Chlorobenzyl Intermediate

[0696] A solution of 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 or 24 (10.9 mmol,obtained from Example 6 or 7) in acetone (100 mL) at 25° C. undernitrogen is treated with powdered K₂CO₃ (2.3 g, 16.3 mmol, 1.5equivalents) and a,a′-dichloro-p-xylene (6.7 g, 38.1 mmol, 3.5equivalents) and the resulting solution is stirred at 65° C. for 48hours. The reaction mixture is cooled to 25° C. and concentrated to 1/5of its original volume. The residue is dissolved in ethyl acetate (150mL) and washed with water (2×150 mL). The aqueous layer is extractedwith ethyl acetate (2×150 mL) and the combined organic extracts arewashed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride (2×150 mL). The combinedextracts are dried (magnesium sulfate) and concentrated in vacuo toprovide a chlorobenzyl intermediate. For reactions with reagents 21, 22,23 or 24, removal of the acetonide protecting group is accomplished bydissolving the substrate in 4:1 tetrahydrofuran/water at 0° C., addingexcess trifluoroacetic acid, and stirring at room temperature overnight.The reaction is neutralized with ammonium hydroxide, and thetetrahydrofuran removed under reduced pressure. The product is thenextracted into ethyl acetate and concentrated in vacuo to give achlorobenzyl intermediate. See, e.g., Y. Leblanc et al., J. Org. Chem.,51, 189-93 (1986).

[0697] Step 2: Preparation of Quaternary Salt

[0698] A solution of the chlorobenzyl intermediate (1.7 mmol, obtainedfrom Step 1) in acetonitrile (5 mL) at 25° C. under nitrogen is treatedwith pyridine (5 mL) and stirred at 35° C. for 36 hours. The pale ambersolution is cooled to 25° C. and concentrated in vacuo to give thedesired compound 35.

EXAMPLE 19

[0699]

[0700] Under nitrogen, a solution of 14.5 mmol of the chlorobenzylintermediate (obtained from a procedure similar to the one outlined inExample 18, Step 1) in 60 mL of acetonitrile is added dropwise over a 30minute period to a solution of 2.9 g (26.2 mmol) ofdiazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane in 40 mL of acetonitrile at 35° C. During theaddition, a colorless precipitate is formed. The summary is stirred at35° C. for an additional 2 hours. The product is collected and washedwith 1 L of acetonitrile to give the desired compound 36.

EXAMPLE 19A

[0701] Compound 36 also can be prepared in accordance with analternative synthetic scheme illustrated below in Scheme III:

EXAMPLE 20

[0702]

[0703] Step 1: Preparation of Chlorobenzyl Intermediate

[0704] To a stirred solution of 144 mg (3.59 mmol, 60% dispersion) ofsodium hydride in 29 mL of dimethylformamide is added 3.26 mmol of 15,16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 or 24 (obtained from Example 6 or 7), and theresulting solution is stirred at ambient temperature for 45 minutes. Tothe solution is added 7.13 g (40.75 mmol) of dichloro-p-xylene, and themixture is stirred overnight. The dimethylformamide is removed in vacuoand the residue is extracted with ethyl acetate and washed with brine.The extract is dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo togive a chlorobenzyl intermediate.

[0705] Step 2: Preparation of Amino Diester

[0706] A mixture of 1.72 mmol of the chlorobenzyl intermediate (obtainedfrom Step 1), 1.63 g (8.6 mmol) of diethylaminodiacetate, and 0.72 g(8.6 mmol) of sodium bicarbonate in 30 mL of dimethylformamide isstirred at 100° C. for 6 hours. The dimethylformamide is removed invacuo and the residue is extracted with ether and washed with brine. Theextract is dried over magnesium sulfate and the concentrated residue ispurified by column chromatography to give an amino diester intermediate.For reactions with reagents 21, 22, 23 or 24, removal of the acetonideprotecting group is accomplished by dissolving the substrate in 4:1tetrahydrofuran/water at 0° C., adding excess trifluoroacetic acid, andstirring at room temperature overnight. The reaction is neutralized withammonium hydroxide, and the tetrahydrofuran removed under reducedpressure. The product is then extracted into ethyl acetate andconcentrated in vacuo to give a diester intermediate. See, e.g., Y.Leblanc et al., J. Org. Chem., 51, 189-93 (1986).

[0707] Step 3: Preparation of Amino Diacid

[0708] A solution of 1.15 mmol of the dibenzyl ester (obtained from Step2) and 0.232 g (5.52 mmol) of lithium hydroxide in 30 mL oftetrahydrofuran and 30 mL of water is stirred at 40° C. under nitrogenfor 4 hours. The reaction mixture is diluted with ether and washed with1% HCl. The aqueous layer is extracted twice with ether, and thecombined extracts are washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate,and concentrated in vacuo to give the desired compound 37.

EXAMPLE 21

[0709]

[0710] Step 1: Preparation of Picolyl Intermediate

[0711] 1.4 g (60% oil dispersion, 35 mmol) of sodium hydride is added toa stirred solution of 26.1 mmol of 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 or 24(obtained from Example 6 or 7) in 200 mL dimethylformamide. The reactionmixture is stirred at ambient temperature for one hour. A solution of4-picolyl-chloride hydrochloride is prepared by treating 5.99 g (36.5mmol) of 4-picolyl chloride hydrochloride with cold saturated sodiumbicarbonate solution and extracting the solution with diethyl ether. Theethereal extract is washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, andfiltered. The reaction mixture is then cooled in an ice bath and thesolution of 4-picolyl chloride hydrochloride in diethyl ether added. Thereaction mixture is stirred at ambient temperature for 17 hours. Thereaction mixture is quenched with 25 mL of saturated ammonium chlorideand diluted with 600 mL ethyl acetate. It is then washed with 4×250 mLwater, washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered andconcentrated in vacuo. Purification by silica gel chromatography(Waters-Delta 500 preparative scale HPLC) using 60% ethylacetate/hexanes yields a picolyl intermediate.

[0712] Step 2: Preparation of Quaternary Salt

[0713] To a stirred solution of 0.74 mmol of the picolyl intermediate(obtained from Step 4) in 10 mL of acetonitrile and 3 mL of methylenechloride, 137 mg (0.97 mmol) of iodomethane is added. The reaction isstirred at ambient temperature for 16 hours and then concentrated undera nitrogen stream. Purification by reversed phase chromatographyprovides the desired compound 38. For reactions with reagents 21, 22, 23or 24, removal of the acetonide protecting group is accomplished bydissolving the substrate in 4:1 tetrahydrofuran/water at 0° C., addingexcess trifluoroacetic acid, and stirring at room temperature overnight.The reaction is neutralized with ammonium hydroxide, and thetetrahydrofuran removed under reduced pressure. Ion exchange withtrifluoroacetate anion yields the desired compound 38. See, e.g., Y.Leblanc et al., J. Org. Chem., 51, 189-93 (1986).

EXAMPLE 22

[0714]

[0715] Step 1: Preparation of Picolinyl Chloride Intermediate

[0716] Anhydrous K₂CO₃ (0.45 g, 3.2 mmol), tetrabutylammonium iodide(0.1 g, 0.2 mmol) and 2,6-bischloromethylpyridine (1.2 g, 10.8 mmol) areadded to a flask containing a solution of 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 or24 (2.1 mmol, obtained from Example 6 or 7) in acetone (50 mL). Theflask is equipped with nitrogen gas adapter and magnetic stirrer. Thereaction mixture is heated to reflux overnight. After 18 hours, thereaction is diluted with ether and washed with water and brine (30 mL).The organic layers are dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered andconcentrated in vacuo. Chromatographic purification through silica gel,eluting with 25% ethyl acetate/hexane, yields a picolyl chlorideintermediate.

[0717] Step 2: Preparation of Pyridinyl Diester Intermediate

[0718] A mixture of diethylaminodiacetate (8 g, 68 mmol) and sodiumcarbonate (0.63 g, 5.9 mmol) is treated with the picolyl chlorideintermediate (1.2 mmol, obtained from Step 1) and the reaction mixtureis stirred at 160° C. for three hours. The reaction mixture is cooledand diluted with ether and washed with 1% HCl, water (25 mL), and brine(50 mL). The combined extracts are dried over magnesium sulfate,filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified bydistillation in a Kugelrohr to provide a pyridinyl diester intermediate.For reactions with reagents 21, 22, 23 or 24, removal of the acetonideprotecting group is accomplished by dissolving the substrate in 4:1tetrahydrofuran/water at 0° C., adding excess trifluoroacetic acid, andstirring at room temperature overnight. The reaction is neutralized withammonium hydroxide, and the tetrahydrofuran removed under reducedpressure. The product is then extracted into ethyl acetate andconcentrated in vacuo to give the pyridinyl diester intermediate. See,e.g., Y. Leblanc et al., J. Org. Chem., 51, 189-93 (1986).

[0719] Step 3: Preparation of Pyridinyl Diacid

[0720] A mixture of pyridine-aminodiacetate intermediate (0.93 mmol,obtained from Step 2), and lithium hydroxide monohydrate (0.18 g, 4.5mmol) in tetrahydrofuran/water (25.0 mL, 1:1) is stirred at 40° C.overnight (18 hours). The reaction mixture is then diluted with etherand washed with 1% HCl, water (20 mL), and brine (30 mL). The organiclayers are dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated invacuo to give the desired compound 39.

EXAMPLE 23

[0721]

[0722] Step 1: Preparation of Monomethyl PEG Mesylate Intermediate

[0723] To a solution of 20 g of monomethyl ether PEG in 100 mL ofmethylene chloride, 2.2 g (22 mmol) of triethyl amine is added. To thissolution, 2.5 g (22 mmol) of methanesulfonyl chloride is added dropwiseat 0° C. The resulting solution is stirred overnight at ambienttemperature. The triethyl amine hydrochloride is filtered off to give amonomethyl PEG mesylate intermediate which is used in the next stepwithout further purification and characterization.

[0724] Step 2: Preparation of Polyethylene-Linked Benzothiepene

[0725] A mixture of 38 mg (1.52 mmol 95%) of sodium hydride and 1.52mmol of 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 or 24 (obtained from Example 6 or 7)in 5.5 mL of dimethylformamide is stirred at ambient temperature undernitrogen for 30 minutes. To the solution, 0.55 g (0.51 mmol) of themesylate PEG intermediate (obtained from Step 1) in 5.5 mL ofdimethylformamide is added. The resulting solution is stirred overnightunder nitrogen at 50° C. The dimethylformamide is removed in vacuo andthe residue extracted with methylene chloride and washed with brine. Theextract is then dried over magnesium sulfate and the concentratedresidue purified by column chromatography to give the desired compound40. For reactions with reagents 21, 22, 23 or 24, removal of theacetonide protecting group is accomplished by dissolving the substratein 4:1 tetrahydrofuran/water at 0° C., adding excess trifluoroaceticacid, and stirring at room temperature overnight. The reaction isneutralized with ammonium hydroxide, and the tetrahydrofuran removedunder reduced pressure. The product is then extracted into ethyl acetateand concentrated in vacuo to give the desired compound 40. See, e.g., Y.Leblanc et al., J. Org. Chem., 51, 189-93 (1986).

EXAMPLE 24

[0726]

[0727] A mixture of 10.7 mmol of 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 or 24(obtained from Example 6 or 7), 11.45 g of diethyliminodiacetate, and1.14 g of sodium carbonate is held at 160° C. for 3.5 hours, dilutedwith brine and extracted with methylene chloride. The methylene chloridelayer is washed with brine, dried (magnesium sulfate) and concentratedin vacuum. The residue is kugelrohr distilled at 0.5 torr at 120° C. toremove excess diethyliminodiacetate and to give a residue. A mixture ofthis residue, 0.8 g of lithium hydroxide, 25 mL of tetrahydrofuran, and25 mL of water is held at 45° C. for 3 days and then concentrated invacuum to remove the tetrahydrofuran. The residual aqueous solution isdiluted with 25 mL of water, acidified to pH 2 and extracted withmethylene chloride (2×50 ml). The methylene chloride layer is dried(magnesium sulfate) and concentrated in vacuo to give the desiredcompound 41. For reactions with reagents 21, 22, 23 or 24, removal ofthe acetonide protecting group is accomplished by dissolving thesubstrate in 4:1 tetrahydrofuran/water at 0° C., adding excesstrifluoroacetic acid, and stirring at room temperature overnight. Thereaction is neutralized with ammonium hydroxide, and the tetrahydrofuranremoved under reduced pressure. The product is then extracted into ethylacetate, and concentrated in vacuo to give the desired compound 41. See,e.g., Y. Leblanc et al., J. Org. Chem., 51, 189-93 (1986).

EXAMPLE 25

[0728]

[0729] Step 1: Preparation of Pentyl Bromide Intermediate

[0730] A solution of 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 or 24 (1.09 mmol,obtained from Example 6 or 7) in 5 mL of dimethylformamide is added viaa syringe to a stirred solution of 36 mg of 95% sodium hydride (1.41mmol) in 5 mL of dimethylformamide at −10° C. in an acetone-dry icebath. The resulting solution is stirred at −10° C. for 30 minutes. Asolution of 1.25 g of 1,5-dibromopentane (5.45 mmol) in 5 mL ofdimethylformamide is then added. The mixture is stirred at −10° C. foranother 30 minutes and allowed to warm up to room temperature andstirred for 1 hour. The reaction mixture is then quenched with water at0° C. and extracted with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate layer is driedover magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product ischromatographed on silica gel column to give a pentyl bromideintermediate.

[0731] Step 2: Preparation of Phosphonic Acid

[0732] A stirred solution of 400 mg of the pentyl bromide intermediate(0.66 mmol, obtained from Step 1) in 2 mL of tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite is refluxed at 100° C. overnight. The reaction mixture iscooled to room temperature and 30 mL of 50% methanol/water solution isadded. The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 5 hours.The reaction mixture is concentrated in vacuo and the resulting aqueoussolution is extracted with methylene chloride. The methylene chloridesolution is dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo toyield the desired product 42. For reactions with reagents 21, 22, 23 or24, removal of the acetonide protecting group is accomplished bydissolving the substrate in 4:1 tetrahydrofuran/water at 0° C., addingexcess trifluoroacetic acid, and stirring at room temperature overnight.The reaction is neutralized with ammonium hydroxide, and thetetrahydrofuran removed under reduced pressure. The product is thenextracted into ethyl acetate and concentrated in vacuo to give thedesired product 42. See, e.g., Y. Leblanc et al., J. Org. Chem., 51,189-93 (1986).

EXAMPLE 26

[0733]

[0734] A mixture of 0.325 g (1.78 mmol) of 5-mercaptotetrazoleaceticacid sodium salt, 1.0 g of potassium carbonate, and 30 mL ofdimethylformamide is stirred for 2 hours and then charged with 1.74 mmolof the pentyl bromide intermediate (Example 13, Step 1). The reactionmixture is stirred for 20 hours at room temperature and concentrated invacuum. The residue is then stirred in ether and water (100 mL each).The resulting precipitate is combined with the aqueous layer, acidifiedwith concentrated HCl and extracted with methylene chloride. Themethylene chloride layer is dried (magnesium sulfate) and concentratedin vacuo to yield the desired product 43. For reactions with reagents21, 22, 23 or 24, removal of the acetonide protecting group isaccomplished by dissolving the substrate in 4:1 tetrahydrofuran/water at0° C., adding excess trifluoroacetic acid, and stirring at roomtemperature overnight. The reaction is neutralized with ammoniumhydroxide, and the tetrahydrofuran removed under reduced pressure. Theproduct is then extracted into ethyl acetate, and concentrated in vacuoto give the desired product 43. See, e.g., Y. Leblanc et al., J. Org.Chem., 51, 189-93(1986).

EXAMPLE 27

[0735]

[0736] Step 1: Preparation of Triflic Intermediate

[0737] Triflic anhydride (4.1 mL, 24.4 mmol, 1.1 equivalents) is addeddropwise to a solution of 22.13 mmol of compound 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22,23 or 24 (obtained from Example 6 or 7) in pyridine (42 mL) at 0° C.under nitrogen gas. Upon completion of the triflic anhydride addition,the bath is removed and the reaction stirred at room temperature for 21hours. The pyridine is removed in vacuo and the resulting oil is takenup in water (100 mL) and extracted three times with ethyl acetate (45 mLeach). The combined organics are washed with 10% CuSO₄ (100 mL) andbrine (100 mL), and then dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and thesolvent evaporated. The residue is purified by chromatography on silicagel to give a triflic intermediate.

[0738] Step 2: Preparation of Imine Intermediate

[0739] To a solution of 19.28 mmol of the triflate intermediate(prepared in Step 1), palladium (II) acetate (433 mg, 1.93 mmol, 10 mol%), racemic 2,2′-bis-(biphenylphosphenyl)-1,1′-binaphthyl (1.41 g, 2.26mmol, 12 mol %) and cesium carbonate (8.86 g, 27.2 mmol, 2.0equivalents) in 114 mL of tetrahydrofuran is added 6.6 mL ofbenzophenone imine (39.4 mmol, 2.0 equivalents). The mixture is stirredat reflux for 4 hours, filtered through celite and the solvent removedin vacuo providing an imine intermediate.

[0740] Step 3: Preparation of Aniline

[0741] To a solution of 19.3 mmol of the crude imine intermediate(prepared in Step 2) in methanol (200 mL) is added sodium acetate (6.33g, 77.2 mmol, 4 equivalents) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (4.02 g,57.9 mmol, 3 equivalents). The mixture is stirred for 1 hour and 1Nsodium bicarbonate (100 mL) is added. The mixture is then extracted withmethylene chloride (2×100 mL, 1×50 mL). The combined organics are washedwith brine (100 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and thesolvent evaporated. The residue is purified by chromatography on silicagel to afford the desired aniline 44, 44a, 45, 45a, 46, 46a, 47 or 47a.

EXAMPLE 28

[0742]

[0743] Step 1: Preparation of Chloroacetyl Intermediate

[0744] A solution of 44, 44a, 45, 45a, 46, 46a, 47 or 47a (2.2 mmol,obtained from Example 27) in methylene chloride (10 mL) at 0° C. undernitrogen is treated with N,N-di-isopropyl-ethylamine (0.53 mL, 3.1 mmol,1.4 equivalents), followed by the dropwise addition of chloroacetylchloride (0.21 mL, 2.6 mmol, 1.2 equivalents) over a 10 minute period.The reaction mixture is stirred and allowed to warm to 25° C. over a 2hour period. The mixture is quenched by the addition of 1N HCl (25 mL)and the aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (2×25 mL). Thecombined organic extracts are washed with saturated aqueous sodiumbicarbonate (2×25 mL) and brine (30 mL), and then dried (magnesiumsulfate) and concentrated to give a chloroacetyl intermediate.

[0745] Step 2: Preparation of Quaternary Salt

[0746] A solution of the chloroacetyl intermediate (0.05 mmol, obtainedfrom step 1) in acetonitrile (1 mL) at 50° C. under nitrogen is treatedwith diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane (10 mg, 0.09 mmol, 1.8 equivalents) andstirred at 50° C. for 2 hours. The reaction mixture is allowed to coolto 25° C. and then concentrated to form a residue. The residue isdissolved in warm acetonitrile and tert-butyl methyl ether is added. Themixture is allowed to stand overnight to precipitate the desiredcompound 48 or 48a. For reactions with reagents 21, 22, 23 or 24,removal of the acetonide protecting group is accomplished by dissolvingthe substrate in 4:1 tetrahydrofuran/water at 0° C., adding excesstrifluoroacetic acid, and stirring at room temperature overnight. Thereaction is neutralized with ammonium hydroxide, and the tetrahydrofuranremoved under reduced pressure. Ion exchange with chloride ion will givethe desired product 48 or 48a. See, e.g., Y. Leblanc et al., J. Org.Chem., 51, 189-93 (1986).

EXAMPLE 29

[0747]

[0748] Step 1: Preparation of the Sulfonamoyl Chloride Intermediate

[0749] Sulfuryl chloride (27.552 g/204.1 mmol) and chloroform (50.0 mL)are combined in a 250 mL round-bottom flask. The reaction flask ispurged with nitrogen, equipped with a magnetic stirrer, and cooled to 0°C. A solution of diethyl iminodiacetate (18.902 g/99.9 mmol) andtriethylamine (10.112 g/99.9 mmol) is added dropwise while maintainingthe temperature of the solution below 20° C. After the addition iscomplete, the reaction mixture is allowed to warm to room temperature.After 2 hours, the reaction mixture is poured into ice water (100 mL)and mixed well. The organic layer is separated, washed with 10% aqueousHCl (50 mL) and chilled water (2×50 mL), dried (CaCl₂), filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo to give a sulfonamoyl chloride intermediate as anamber liquid (5.706 g/20%).

[0750] Step 2: Preparation of the Diester Intermediate

[0751] The 3-aminobenzothiepine 44, 44a, 45, 45a, 46, 46a, 47 or 47a(1.097 mmol, obtained from Example 27), toluene (5.00 mL),diisopropylethylamine (0.148 g/1.148 mmol), and the sulfonamoyl chlorideintermediate (0.650 g/2.260 mmol, obtained from step 1) are combined ina 25 mL round-bottom flask. The reaction flask is purged with nitrogenand equipped with magnetic stirrer. After 24 hours, methylene chloride(75.0 mL) is added. The mixture is washed with aqueous sodiumbicarbonate (25.0 mL) and then aqueous sodium chloride (25.0 mL), dried(magnesium sulfate), and concentrated in vacuo. Purifying by flashchromatography on silica gel eluting with ethyl acetate/hexane andconcentrating in vacuo gives a diester intermediate.

[0752] Step 3: Preparation of Diacid

[0753] The diester intermediate (0.316 mmol, obtained from step 2) andtetrahydrofuran (1.00 mL) are combined in a 10 mL round-bottom flask.The reaction flask is purged with nitrogen and equipped with magneticstirrer. A solution of LiOH.H₂O (0.030 g/0.715 mmol) in water (0.50 mL)is added. After 4 hours, additional LiOHH₂O (0.015 g/0.357 mmol) isadded. After 30 minutes, water (6.0 mL) is added. The aqueous mixture iswashed with diethyl ether (4×4.0 mL), and acidified with aqueous 3.0 NHCl (0.40 mL). The product precipitates and is filtered, washed withwater (2.0 mL), and concentrated in vacuo. Precipitation fromacetonitrile/diethyl ether/hexanes gives the desired product 49 or 49a.For reactions with reagents 21, 22, 23 or 24, removal of the acetonideprotecting group is accomplished by dissolving the substrate in 4:1tetrahydrofuran/water at 0° C., adding excess trifluoroacetic acid, andstirring at room temperature overnight. The reaction is neutralized withammonium hydroxide, and the tetrahydrofuran removed under reducedpressure. Precipitation from acetonitrile/diethyl ether/hexanes givesthe desired product 49 or 49a. See, e.g., Y. Leblanc et al., J. Org.Chem., 51, 189-93 (1986).

EXAMPLE 30

[0754]

[0755] Step 1: Preparation of Chlorobenzoyl Intermediate

[0756] A solution of the 3-aminobenzothiepine 44, 44a, 45, 45a, 46, 46a,47 or 47a (2.2 mmol, obtained from Example 27) in methylene chloride (10mL) at 0° C. under nitrogen is treated with N,N-di-isopropyl-ethylamine(0.53 mL, 3.1 mmol, 1.4 equivalents), followed by the dropwise additionof 4-chlorobenzoyl chloride (0.455 g, 2.6 mmol, 1.2 equivalents) over a10 minute period. The reaction mixture is stirred and allowed to warm to25° C. over a 2 hour period. The mixture is quenched by the addition ofaqueous ammonium chloride and the aqueous layer is extracted with ethylacetate (2×25 mL). The combined organic extracts are washed withsaturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (2×25 mL) and brine (30 mL), andthen dried (magnesium sulfate) and concentrated to give a chlorobenzoylintermediate.

[0757] Step 2: Preparation of Quaternary Salt

[0758] A solution of the chlorobenzoyl intermediate (0.05 mmol, obtainedfrom step 1) in acetonitrile (1 mL) at 50° C. under nitrogen is treatedwith diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane (10 mg, 0.09 mmol, 1.8 equivalents) andstirred at 50° C. for 2 hours. The reaction mixture is allowed to coolto 25° C. and then concentrated in vacuo to give the desired compound 50or 50a. For reactions with reagents 21, 22, 23 or 24, removal of theacetonide protecting group is accomplished by dissolving the substratein 4:1 tetrahydrofuran/water at 0° C., adding excess trifluoroaceticacid, and stirring at room temperature overnight. The reaction isneutralized with ammonium hydroxide, and the tetrahydrofuran removedunder reduced pressure. Ion exchange with chloride ion will give thedesired product 50 or 50a. See, e.g., Y. Leblanc et al., J. Org. Chem.,51, 189-93 (1986).

EXAMPLE 31

[0759]

[0760] Step 1: Preparation of Pyridyl Intermediate

[0761] A solution of the 3-aminobenzothiepine 44, 44a, 45, 45a, 46, 46a,47 or 47a (4.37 mmol, obtained from Example 26) in ethanol (14.0 mL)under nitrogen is treated with 4-bromopyridine hydrochloride (1.041 g,5.35 mmol) and heated to reflux. After 48 hours, the reaction mixture iscooled to room temperature and concentrated in vacuo. The residue isdissolved in ethyl acetate (150 mL) and washed with aqueous sodiumbicarbonate (2×70 mL) and brine (50 mL). The mixture is dried (magnesiumsulfate), filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified byflash chromatrography on silica gel to give a pyridyl intermediate.

[0762] Step 2: Preparation of Quaternary Salt

[0763] A solution of the pyridyl intermediate (3.39 mmol, obtained fromstep 1) in acetonitrile (18.0 mL) at room temperature under nitrogen istreated with methyl p-toluenesulfonate (0.550 mL, 3.77 mmol) and stirredfor 17 hours. The reaction mixture is filtered and concentrated to givethe desired compound 51 or 51a. For reactions with reagents 21, 22, 23or 24, removal of the acetonide protecting group is accomplished bydissolving the substrate in 4:1 tetrahydrofuran/water at 0° C., addingexcess trifluoroacetic acid, and stirring at room temperature overnight.The reaction is neutralized with ammonium hydroxide, and thetetrahydrofuran removed under reduced pressure. Ion exchange withtosylate anion will give the desired product 51 or 51a. See, e.g., Y.Leblanc et al., J. Org. Chem., 51, 189-93 (1986).

EXAMPLE 32

[0764]

[0765] Step 1: Preparation of the Metal Cage Complex

[0766] A metal cage complex is prepared as described in A. M. Sargesonet al, J. Chem. Soc., Chem Commun., 1844-1846 (1993).

[0767] Step 2: Preparation of the Carbamoyl Chloride Intermediate

[0768] The metal cage complex (2.00 mmol, obtained from Step 1) iscombined with methylene chloride (15.0 mL), triethylamine (0.223 g/2.20mmol) and phosgene (0.218 g/2.20 mmol) in a dry 25 mL round-bottomflask. After stirring overnight at room temperature, the reactionmixture is concentrated in vacuo. The residue is triturated withtetrahydrofuran (5 mL), filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give acarbamoyl chloride intermediate. See, e.g., Tetrahedron Lett., 39,757-760 (1998).

[0769] Step 3: Preparation of the Carbamate

[0770] The hydroxybenzothiepene 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 or 24 (0.828mmol, obtained from Example 6 or 7), triethylamine (0.100 g/0.994 mmol)and toluene (1.0 mL) are combined in a 10 mL round-bottom flask. Thereaction flask is purged with nitrogen, equipped with a magneticstirrer, and cooled to 0° C. A solution of the carbamoyl chloride (12%in tetrahydrofuran/1.10 mmol, obtained from Step 2) is added. After 3.5hours, the mixture is filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give thedesired carbamate 52. See, e.g., Tetrahedron Lett., 39, 757-760 (1998).For reactions with reagents 21, 22, 23 or 24, removal of the acetonideprotecting group is accomplished by dissolving the substrate in 4:1tetrahydrofuran/water at 0° C., adding excess trifluoroacetic acid, andstirring at room temperature overnight. The reaction is neutralized withammonium hydroxide, and the tetrahydrofuran removed under reducedpressure. The product is then extracted into ethyl acetate, andconcentrated in vacuo to give the diester intermediate. See, e.g., Y.Leblanc et al., J. Org. Chem., 51, 189-93 (1986).

EXAMPLE 33

[0771]

[0772] A solution of any corresponding dimethylamino analog of thedesired product 53 (0.34 mmol, obtained by suitable modification of theSynthetic Examples of patent application WO96/01844 and the Examples ofthe present application) in acetonitrile (7.0 mL) at 50° C. undernitrogen is treated with methyl iodide (20 equivalents) and stirred for72 hours. The reaction mixture is concentrated to form a residue. Theproduct is then dissolved in acetonitrile and precipitated with ethylether. Ion exchange with chloride ion gives the desired compound 53.

EXAMPLE 34

[0773]

[0774] Benzothiazapine 54 is prepared as described in steps 1 through 9of Synthetic Example 1 of patent application WO 99/35135, except that4-iodoanisole (or 3-iodoanisole) is substituted for iodobenzene in step7 to give Compound 55 (or Compound 56).

EXAMPLE 35

[0775]

[0776] Step 1: Preparation of 2-(bromomethyl)-2-butyl-hexanoic Acid

[0777] 2-(Bromomethyl)-2-butyl-hexanoic acid is prepared in accordancewith the procedure set forth in steps (1) and (2) of Synthetic Example 1of patent application WO 99/35135, except that2,2-dibutyl-1,3-propanediol is substituted for2-butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol in step 1 of Synthetic Example 1, step1,2,2-Dibutyl-1,3-propanediol is prepared, for example, as set forth atcolumn 264 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,994,391.

[0778] Step 2: Preparation of Butyl—Butyl Benzothiazepine

[0779] Compounds 57, 58 and 59 are prepared in accordance with theprocedure set forth in steps (1) through (9) of Synthetic Example 1 ofpatent application WO99/35135, except that (a)2-(bromomethyl)-2-butyl-hexanoic acid (obtained from Step 1) issubstituted for 2-(bromomethyl)-2-ethyl-hexanoic acid in step 3 ofSynthetic Example 1, and either 4-iodoanisole (for Compound 58) or3-iodoanisole (for Compound 59) is optionally substituted foriodobenzene (for Compound 57) in step 7 of Synthetic Example 1.

EXAMPLE 36

[0780]

[0781] Compound 60 comprising a wide variety of R substituents can beprepared by appropriate modification of the procedures described in theabove Examples starting with one of compounds 53, 54, 55 and 56(obtained from Examples 33 and 34).

[0782] Similarly, additional 1,5-benzothiazapines can be prepared byappropriate modification of the procedures described in the aboveExamples. For example, the preparation of the 1,5-benzothiazepinecounterpart to 1,4-benzothiazepine 36 described in Examples 19 and 19Acan be prepared as illustrated in Scheme IV below:

ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES

[0783] General Comments

[0784] Chemicals were obtained from Aldrich Chemical Company and wereused without further purification. ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra were recordedon a Varian 300 spectrometer at 300 and 75 MHz respectively. The ¹Hchemical shifts are reported in ppm downfield from Me₄Si. The ³Cchemical shifts are reported in ppm relative to the center line of CDCl₃(77.0 ppm). High Resolution Mass spectra were determined by MonsantoAnalytical Sciences Center and microanalyses were performed by Atlantic.Microlab Inc. HPLC data was obtained on a Spectra Physics 8800Chromatograph using a Beckman Ultrasphere C18 250×4.6 mm column. HPLCconditions: detector wavelength=254 nm, sample size=10 μL, flowrate=1.0mL/min, mobile phase=(A) 0.1% aqueous trifluoroacetic acid: (B)acetonitrile. HPLC Gradient: Time % A % B  0 min 85  15 20 min  0 100

[0785] Synthesis of the 1,4 benzothiazepines Scheme III

[0786] Ethyl 2-aminohexanoate Hydrochloride

[0787] A slurry of DL-norleucine (75.0 g, 572 mmol) in absolute ethanol(400 ml) was stirred under nitrogen in an ice-water bath and thionylchloride (71.4 g, 43.8 ml) was added dropwise. The reaction was stirredovernight at 0° C. and then gradually warmed to room temperature. Theresulting slurry was heated under reflux for 3 hours. After cool down,the reaction mixture was concentrated to yield desired product (108.9g/97%) as a light yellow solid. ¹H NMR (D₂O) δ 0.80 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H),1.20 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.20-1.36 (m, 4H), 1.84 (m, 2H), 4.02 (t, J=6.3Hz, 1H), 4.21 (q, J=7.4 Hz, 2H). LC/MS (ES/M+H): 160.0.

[0788] Ethyl 2-benzylideneaminohexanoate

[0789] A solution of the product ethyl 2-aminohexanoate hydrochloride(from the step 1) (108 g, 552 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1200 ml) and MgSO₄ (66.45g) was stirred at room temperature under nitrogen for 20 minutes. Then,Et₃N (152 ml) was added. After stirring for another 30 minutes, xs.benzaldehyde was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred atroom temperature for 2 hours. MgSO₄ (66.5 g) was added and the reactionmixture was heated to reflux for 3 hours. After cool to roomtemperature, the reaction mixture was stirred overnight, filtered andconcentrated. The resulting mixture was triturated in diethyl ether,filtered and concentrated to yield product as a yellow oil (125 g/92%).¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 0.90 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.27 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H),1.25-1.38 (m, 4H), 1.83-2.05 (m, 2H), 3.95 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (q,J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.40 (m, 3H), 7.78 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 8.26 (s, 1H). LC/MS(ES/M+H): 248.1.

[0790] Ethyl 2-benzylideneamino-2-butylhexanoate

[0791] Sodium hydride (20.23 g, 60% dispersion in oil) and DMF (500 ml)were stirred under nitrogen at room temperature for 10 minutes. Asolution of the product of ethyl 2-benzylideneaminohexanoate in 100 mlDMF was added dropwise. After 2 hours stirring at room temperature, asolution of BuI (102 g, 1.1 eq) in 50 ml of DMF was added dropwise andthe reaction left string for overnight. The reaction mixture was pouredinto an ice cold mixture of water (350 ml), ether (300 ml) and ammoniumchloride (74 g). The resulting organic layer was dried over potassiumcarbonate then concentrated to give the desired product as a yellow oil(138.75 g, yield=90.5%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 0.90 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 6H),1.20-1.40 (m, 8H), 1.28 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.80-2.00 (m, 4H), 4.22 (q,J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 7.40 (m, 3H), 7.78 (m, 2H), 8.32 (s, 1H).

[0792] Ethyl 2-amino-2-butylhexanoate

[0793] The product of ethyl 2-benzylideneamino-2-butylhexanoate waspartitioned between hexane and 10% aq. HCl and stirred at roomtemperature for 2 hours. The aqueous layer was extracted twice withhexane (2×100 ml). The aqueous layer was added 200 ml of ethyl acetateand was chilled with an ice-water bath. Sodium hydroxide pellets wereadded to the mixture until the aqueous layer was at pH<10. Afterseparation, the aqueous layer was extracted twice with EtOAc (2×100 ml).The combined EtOAc layers were dried over potassium carbonate, filteredand concentrated to give product as a colorless oil (47.1 g, yield48.08%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 0.89 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 6H), 1.23-1.38 (m, 6H),1.28 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.45-1.77 (m, 6H), 4.15 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H). ¹³CNMR (CDCl₃) δ 13.9, 14.3, 23.0, 26.0, 39.9, 60.7, 60.9, 177.4.

[0794] 2-Amino-2-butylhexan-1-ol

[0795] To a 1000 ml flask was added ethyl 2-amino-2-butylhexanoate (46g), MeOH (500 ml) and water (200 ml). After adding NaOH (9.0 g), thereaction mixture was heated to reflux for 4 hours and then evaporatedoff solvent to give mixture of sodium 2-amino-2-butylhexanoate andsodium hydroxide. ¹H NMR (D₂O) δ 0.78 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 6H), 1.05-1.36 (m,8H), 1.70-1.88 (m, 4H). ¹³C NMR. LC/MS (ES/M+H): 188.2.

[0796] The solid mixture was added to a 1M solution of LiAlH₄ (223 ml,1.05 eq.) in THF. After complete addition, the reaction mixture wasrefluxed for 3 hours, then stirred overnight at room temperature. Themixture was cooled to about 0° C., then quenched with water (100 ml) and1 N aq. NaOH (100 ml). The resulting solid was broke up with additionalwater (100 ml) and the suspension was heated at 65° C. for 10 minutes.After cooling to room temperature, diethyl ether (500 ml) was added, themixture was stirred and filtered. The diethyl ether layer was separated,dried and concentrated in vacuo to give desired product as a solid.(31.0 g, yield 83.75%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 0.84 (t, J=5.1H, 6H), 1.10-1.38(m, 12H), 3.24 (s, 2H). ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 14.0, 23.3, 25.5, 36.6, 54.7,68.2.

[0797] 2-Amino-2-butylhexyl Hydrogen Sulfate

[0798] The product of 2-amino-2-butylhexanol (12 g) was dissolved inCH₂Cl₂ (120 ml) and treated with chlorosulfonic acid (13.39 g). Thereaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Afterremoving the solvent, the resulting slurry was diluted with acetone,filtered and washed with another 5 ml acetone. The white solid was driedto give 8.1 g product. (yield 46.16%). ¹H NMR (D₂O) δ 0.80 (t, J=6.6 Hz,6H), 1.23 (m, 8H), 1.60 (m, 4H), 3.99 (s, 2H). LC/MS (ES/M+H): 154.1.

[0799] 2-(2-Amino-2-butylhexylthio)-4-nitro-(4′-methoxy)-benzophenone

[0800] To a three necked flask was added2-chloro-4-nitro-(4′-methoxy)-benzophenone (4 g) and 40 ml ofdimethylacetamide. The reaction mixture was heated to 40° C. until themixture become homogeneous. Sodium sulfide hydrate (Na₂S.3H₂O)(1.88 g,1.05 eq.) and water (2 ml) were combined in a separated flask and heatedto 55° C. until homogenous. The Na₂S solution was then added portionwiseto the reaction mixture over 20 minutes. After stirred 4 hours at 40°C., the reaction mixture was cooled to 30° C. 2-Amino-2-butylhexylhydrogen sulfate (3.81 g, 1.1 eq.), BuOAc (40 ml) and water (20 ml) wasadded. The reaction mixture was stirred and heated to an internaltemperature of 93° C. and NaOH (1.42 g in 20 ml water) was addeddropwise. After complete addition, the reaction was stirred anadditional 1 hour at 93° C., then cooled to room temperature. Afterseparation, the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2×50 ml).Combined organic layers were dried and concentrated in vacuo to give ayellow oil. Flash chromatography on silica gel, eluting with hexane:EtoAc (4:1-1:4), afforded the desired product (near 1.99 g) as a yellowoil. (˜31%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 0.86 (t, J=6.44 Hz, 6H), 1.12-1.60 (m,8H), 1.31-1.46 (m, 4H), 3.02 (s, 2H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 6.96 (d, J=8.86 Hz,2H), 7.62 (d, J=8.86 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (d, J=8.86 Hz, 2H), 8.14 (d, J=2.42Hz, 1H), 8.23 (dd, J=8.86, 2.42 Hz, 1H). ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 14.2, 23.4,26.0, 39.6, 45.8, 54.6, 55.8, 114.4, 123.6, 124.8, 128.4, 129.2, 132.8,139.7, 144.7, 147.6, 164.6, 193.2. LC/MS (ES/M+H): 445.2.

[0801]3,3-Dibutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7-nitro-5-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-1,4-benothiazepine

[0802] To a three necked flask was added2-(2-amino-2-butylhexylthio)-4-nitro-(4′-methoxy)-benzophenone (1 g),triethyl amine (0.75 ml) and CH₂Cl₂ (40 ml). After the reaction mixturewas stirred 20 minutes in an ice-water bath, TiCl₄ (2.25 ml of 1 Msolution in CH₂Cl₂) was added via syringe. After stirring overnight, thereaction mixture was carefully quenched with a methanolic solution ofNaCNBH₃ (0.84 g) and stirred for 1 hour. The reaction was basified to pH13 with 5N aq. NaOH, extracted with EtOAc (2×100 ml) dried andevaporated to a yellow oil. Flash chromatography on silica gel, elutingwith EtOAc/hexanes, provide the desired product as a yellow oil. (yield79.67%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 0.82-0.94 (m, 6H), 1.03-1.62 (m, 11H),1.86-1.99 (m, 1H), 2.77 (d, J=14.6 Hz, 1H), 3.05 (d, J=14.6 Hz, 1H),3.86 (s, 3H), 5.50 (s, 1H), 6.95 (d, J=8.66 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (d, J=8.66 Hz,2H), 7.45 (d, J=1.81 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (d, J=8.46 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (1H, dd,J=8.46, 2.42 Hz). LC/MS (ES/M+H): 429.2.

[0803]3.3-Dibutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7-nitro-5-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-14-benzothiazepine1,1-dioxide

[0804] To a solution of3,3-dibutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7-nitro-5-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-1,4-benzothiazepine(0.91 g) in 20 ml THF and 9 ml tBuOH was addedN-methyl-morpholine-N-oxide (0.74 g, 3 eq.) and OsO₄ (0.5 ml, 2.5% wt int-butanol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperatureovernight. The reaction mixture was transferred to a separatory funneland partitioned between 100 ml of brine and 100 ml of EtOAc. The aqueouslayer was extracted three times with EtOAc (3×25 ml). The organic layerwas dried, concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified via flashchromatography on silica gel, eluting with 20% EtOAc/hexane to give thedesired product (0.82 g). (yield 83.84%). Reverse-phase HPLC: rt=18.8min, 99.7% pure. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 0.90-0.97 (m, 6H), 1.03-1.38 (m, 8H),1.42-1.50 (m, 2H), 1.57 (br s, 1H), 1.74-1.88 (m, 1H), 2.14-2.26 (m,1H), 3.32 (q_(AB), J_(AB)=15.3 Hz, Δν=91.7 Hz, 2H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 5.97(s, 1H), 6.98 (d, J=8.66 Hz, 2H), 7.30 (d, J=8.66 Hz, 2H), 7.62 (d,J=2.02 Hz, 1H), 8.18 (dd, J=8.46, 2.21 Hz, 1H), 8.30 (d, J=8.46 Hz, 1H).¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 13.9, 14.0, 22.8, 23.0, 25.2, 31.7, 40.7, 55.3, 57.2,63.7, 114.5, 121.8, 123.2, 128.7, 129.2, 132.6, 145.5, 148.3, 150.2,159.3. HRMS (ES/M+H) calcd for C₂₄H₃₂N₂O₅S: 461.2102, found: 461.2105.Anal Calcd for (C₂₄H₃₂NO₅S): C, 62.58; H, 7.00; N, 6.08; S, 6.96. Found:C, 62.60; H, 7.10; N, 6.01; S, 6.83.

EXAMPLE 23.3-Dibutyl-2.3,4,5-tetrahydro-7-dimethylamino-5-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-1,4-benzothiazepine1,1-dioxide

[0805]

[0806]3,3-Dibutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7-nitro-5-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-1,4-benzothiazepine1,1-dioxide (0.768 g), MeOH (60 ml), 10% Pd/C (0.100 g) and formaldehyde(3.14 g/37% in water) were combined in a Fischer Porter bottle. Sulfuricacid (0.020 g) was added to the reaction mixture. The reactor was purgedwith H₂ and pressurized to 45 psig H₂. After stirring at 50° C.overnight, sodium carbonate (0.2 g) was added and the mixture stirredfor 1 hour more. The reaction mixture was filtered through celite andwashed with additional MeOH (20 ml). After concentrated, the residue wasdissolved in EtOAc (200 ml) and washed with water (100 ml) and brine(100 ml). The organic layer was dried and concentrated in vacuo, and theresulting yellow oil was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel,eluting with EtOAc: hexane: triethylamine 20:80:1, to give 0.43 g ofproduct. (Yield 56.23%). Reverse-phase HPLC: rt=5.9 min, 100% pure. ¹HNMR (CDCl₃) δ 0.81 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H), 0.86 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.08-1.53(m, 10H), 1.81 (m, 1H), 2.20 (m, 1H), 2.79 (s, 6H), 3.18 (q_(AB),J_(AB)=6.9 Hz, Δν=116.8 Hz, 2H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 5.92 (s, 1H), 5.96 (s,1H), 6.46 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 6.90 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 2H), 7.33 (d, J=8.1 Hz,2H), 7.87 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H). Anal Calcd for (C₂₆H₃₈N₂O₃S): C, 68.09; H,8.35; N, 6.11; S, 6.99; 0, 10.46. Found: C, 66.92; H, 8.17; N, 5.99; S,6.75; O, 10.29.

[0807]3.3-Dibutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7-dimethylamino-5-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4-benzothiazepine1,1-dioxide

[0808]3,3-Dibutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7-dimethylamino-5-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-1,4-benzothiazepine1,1-dioxide (0.300 g, 0.655 mmol) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (10 ml). Themixture was cooled to 0° C., and a solution of 1 M BBr₃ in CH₂Cl₂ (1.96ml, 1.96 mmol) was added. After 15 min, the cooling bath was removed.After 3 hrs more, the reaction mixture was again cooled to 0° C. andquenched with 10% aq. HCl (9 ml). NaHCO₃ (about 1.0 g) was added untilpH=7, and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×5 ml). The combinedorganic extracts were dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo.Purification by flash chromatography on silica gel, eluting with 30%EtOAc/hexane, gave the desired product (0.250 g/86%). Reverse-phaseHPLC: rt=13.6 min, 98.8% pure. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 0.81 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 3H),0.86 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.05-1.46 (m, 10H), 1.80 (m, 1H), 2.23 (m, 1H),2.80 (s, 6H), 3.18 (q_(AB), J_(AB)=14.1 Hz, Δν=119.2 Hz, 2H), 4.79 (s,1H), 5.92 (s, 1H), 5.96 (s, 1H), 6.47 (d, J=9.9 Hz, 1H), 6.84 (d, J=8.1Hz, 2H), 7.49 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 7.88 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H). LC/MS (ES/M+H):445. Anal Calcd for (C₂₅H₃₆N₂O₃S): C, 67.53; H, 8.17; N, 6.30; S, 7.20;O, 10.80. Found: C, 67.52; H, 8.20; N, 6.23; S, 7.18; O, 11.00.

[0809]2-[2-[2-[4-[3,3-Dibutyl-7-(dimethylamino)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,1-dioxido-1,4-benzothiazepin-5-yl]phenoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxyiodide

[0810] 60% Sodium hydride in mineral oil (0.0100 g, 0.247 mmol) and DMF(1.0 ml) were combined in a 100 ml round-bottom flask. The mixture wascooled to 0° C., and a solution of3,3-dibutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7-dimethylamino-5-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4-benzothiazepine1,1-dioxide (0.100 g, 0.225 mmol) in DMF (1.5 ml) was added. After 1 hr,1,2-bis-(2-iodoethoxy)ethane (0.832 g, 2.249 mmol) in DMF (1.0 ml) wasadded. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature andwas then heated to 40° C. After 5 hrs, the reaction mixture was dilutedwith ethyl ether and water. The organic layer was washed with water andbrine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo. Purification bycircular chromatotron on silica gel, eluting with EtOAc/hexanes gave thedesired product (0.075 g/50%). Reverse-phase HPLC: rt=15.3 min, 96%pure. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 0.81 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.86 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 3H),1.08-1.55 (m, 10H), 1.80 (m, 1H), 2.20 (m, 1H), 2.79 (s, 6H), 3.17(q_(AB), J_(AB)=14.1 Hz, Δν=113.1 Hz, 2H), 3.25 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 3.72(m, 6H), 3.88 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 4.14 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 5.91 (s, 1H),5.97 (s, 1H), 6.45 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 6.90 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.31 (d,J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.86 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H). LC/MS (ES/M+H): 687.

EXAMPLE 4N-[2-[2-[2-[4-[3,3-Dibutyl-7-(dimethylamino)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,1-dioxido-1,4-benzothiazepin-5-yl]phenoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]-N,N,N-triethylaminiumIodide

[0811]

[0812]2-[2-[2-[4-[3,3-Dibutyl-7-(dimethylamino)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,1-dioxido-1,4-benzothiazepin-5-yl]phenoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxyiodide (0.0500 g, 0.0729 mmol), Et₃N (0.50 ml, 3.59 mmol) and CH₃CN(0.80 ml) were combined in a 25 ml round-bottom flask. The mixture washeated 40° C. After 3 days, the mixture was concentrated in vacuo, andthe resulting residue was washed repeatedly with ethyl ether to yieldthe desired product (0.040 g/70%). Reverse-phase HPLC: rt=10.9 min, 97%pure. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 0.80 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.86 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 3H),1.11-1.43 (m, 10H), 1.34 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 9H), 1.78 (m, 1H), 2.15 (m, 1H),2.80 (s, 6H), 3.24 (q_(AB), J_(AB)=13.8 Hz, Δν=155.4 Hz, 2H), 3.50 (q,J=7.2 Hz, 6H), 3.71 (br s, 6H), 3.83 (m, 2H), 4.00 (br s, 2H), 4.11 (m,2H), 5.92 (s, 1H), 5.96 (s, 1H), 6.47 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 6.89 (d, J=8.7Hz, 2H), 7.33 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.86 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H). LC/MS(ES/M−HI): 659.5.

[0813]4-[[4-[3,3-Dibutyl-7-(dimethylamino)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,1-dioxido-1,4-benzothiazepin-5-yl]phenoxy]methyl]phenylmethylChloride

[0814]3,3-Dibutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7-dimethylamino-5-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4-benzothiazepine1,1-dioxide (0.070 g, 0.157 mmol), K₂CO₃ (0.033 g, 0.236 mmol) andα,α′-dichloro-p-xylene (0.2756 g, 1.574 mmol) were combined with acetone(2.50 ml). The mixture was heated to 70° C. After 48 hrs, the mixturewas cooled to room temperature and concentrated in vacuo. The residuewas dissolved in EtOAc and washed with water. The water washes wereextracted with EtOAc. Combined organic layers were washed with brine,dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by circularchromatotron on silica gel, eluting with 20% EtOAc/hexanes, gave thedesired product (0.067 g/73%). Reverse-phase HPLC: rt=19.6 min, 97%pure. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 0.81 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.87 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 3H),1.12-1.50 (m, 10H), 1.83 (m, 1H), 2.20 (m, 1H), 2.79 (s, 6H), 3.18(q_(AB), J_(AB)=12.6 Hz, Δν=116.3 Hz, 2H), 4.59 (s, 2H), 5.08 (s, 2H),5.91 (s, 1H), 6.00 (s, 1H), 6.48 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (d, J=8.1 Hz,2H), 7.32-7.44 (m, 6H), 7.88 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H). LC/MS (ES/M+H): 583.Anal Calcd for (C₃₃H₄₃N₂O₃SCl): C, 68.01; H, 7.44; N, 4.81; S, 5.49; O,8.24. Found: C, 67.70; H, 7.21; N, 4.77; S, 5.35; O, 7.98.

EXAMPLE 51-[[4-[[4-[3,3-Dibutyl-7-(dimethylamino-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,1-dioxido-1,4-benzothiazepin-5-yl]phenoxy]methyl]phenyl]methyl]-4-aza-1-azoniabicyclo[2,2,2]octaneChloride

[0815]

[0816] A solution of4-[[4-[3,3-dibutyl-7-(dimethylamino)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,1-dioxido-1,4-benzothiazepin-5-yl)phenoxy]methyl]phenylmethylchloride (0.045 g, 0.0773 mmol), in CH₃CN (1.50 ml) was added dropwiseto a solution of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane (0.086 g, 0.773 mmol) inCH₃CN (1.00 ml) over a period of 30 min. at 40° C. After 2 hrs, thereaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated invacuo. The residue was washed repeatedly with ethyl ether andconcentrated in vacuo to give the desired product (0.045 g/83%).Reverse-phase HPLC: rt=13.0 min, 97% pure. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 0.80 (t,J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.87 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.10-1.48 (m, 10), 1.76 (m, 1H),2.17 (m, 1H), 2.81 (s, 6H), 3.18 (br s, 6H), 3.19 (q_(AB), J_(AB)=14.7Hz, Δν=113.0 Hz, 2H), 3.75 (br s, 6H), 5.08 (s, 2H), 5.12 (s, 2H), 5.92(s, 1H), 5.99 (s, 1H), 6.47 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H),7.35 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 2H), 7.51 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.65 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H),7.86 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H). LC/MS (ES/M−HCl): 659. Anal Calcd for(C₃₉H₅₅N₄O₃SCl.3H₂O): C, 62.50; H, 8.20; N, 7.48; S, 4.28; O, 12.81.Found: C, 62.30; H, 7.82; N, 7.43; S, 4.20; O, 12.86.

[0817]N-[2-[4-[3,3-Dibutyl-7-(dimethylamino)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,1-dioxido-1,4--benzothiazepin-5-yl]phenoxy]ethyl]-N,N-diethylamine

[0818] In a 250 ml round-bottom flask, NaOH (3.5 ml, 3.5 mmol, 1N inwater) was added to a mixture of 2-diethylamino ethyl chloride (0.4257g, 2.474 mmol) in ethyl ether (3.5 ml) at 0° C. The mixture was allowedto warm to room temperature and was extracted with ethyl ether. Theorganic layer was dried (K₂CO₃) for 2 hrs.

[0819] In a separate 100 ml round-bottom flask, NaH (0.020 g, 0.50 mmol,60% in mineral oil) was suspended in DMF (1.0 ml). The mixture wascooled to 0° C. and a solution of PHA-4044343,3-dibutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7-dimethylamino-5-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4-benzothiazepine1,1-dioxide (0.110 g, 0.2474 mmol) in DMF (1.5 ml) was added. After 0.5hrs, the diethylamino ethyl chloride solution was added. The resultingmixture was heated to 40° C. overnight. The reaction mixture was thencooled to room temperature and diluted with ethyl ether. The mixture waswashed with 5% aq. NaOH (3 ml), water (10 ml) and brine (10 ml). Theorganic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo. Purificationby reverse-phase HPLC, eluting with 5-100% CH₃CN/H₂O, gave the desiredproduct (0.064 g/48%). Reverse-phase HPLC: rt=11.6 min, 99% pure. ¹H NMR(CDCl₃) δ 0.80 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.86 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.05 (t, J=6.9Hz, 6H), 1.12-1.41 (m, 10H), 1.79 (m, 1H), 2.21 (m, 1H), 2.63 (q, J=7.2Hz, 4H), 2.78 (s, 6H), 2.88 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.16 (q_(AB), J_(AB)=14.4Hz, Δν=116.1 Hz, 2H), 4.06 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 5.92 (s, 1H), 5.96 (s,1H), 6.46 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.90 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 7.30 (d, J=9.0 Hz,2H), 7.87 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H). LC/MS (ES/M+H): 544.

EXAMPLE 3N-[2-[4-[3,3-Dibutyl-7-(dimethylamino)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,1-dioxido-1,4-benzothiazepin-5-yl]phenoxy]ethyl-N,N,N-triethylaminiumIodide

[0820]

[0821]N-[2-[4-[3,3-Dibutyl-7-(dimethylamino)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,1-dioxido-1,4-benzothiazepin-5-yl]phenoxy]ethyl]-N,N-diethylamine(0.030 g, 0.0552 mmol), ethyl iodide (0.005 ml, 0.0619 mmol) and CH₃CN(0.50 ml) were combined in a 10 ml vial and heated to 40° C. After 18hrs, additional ethyl iodide (0.010 ml, 0.124 mmol) was added. After 24hrs more, additional ethyl iodide (0.010 ml, 0.124 mmol) was added.After 18 hrs more, the mixture was concentrated in vacuo, and theresidue was washed with ethyl ether to give the desired product (0.032g/100%). Reverse-phase HPLC: rt=12.3 min, 97% pure. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ0.80 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.86 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.08-1.40 (m, 10H), 1.49(t, J=7.2 Hz, 9H), 1.78 (m, 1H), 2.15 (m, 1H), 2.82 (s, 6H), 3.17(q_(AB), J_(AB)=13.8 Hz, Δν=125.2 Hz, 2H), 3.60 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 6H), 4.10(d, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 4.53 (s, 2H), 5.88 (s, 1H), 6.10 (s, 1H), 6.47 (d,J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.87 (d,J=7.8 Hz, 1H). LC/MS(ES/M+H): 583.

[0822] Synthesis of 1,5 benzothiazepines Scheme IV

[0823] 1-dimethyl,t-butlysilyl, 2.2-dibutyl-1,3-proandiol

[0824] A solution of 2,2-dibutyl-1,3-propanediol (18.8 g, 100 mmol) inTHF (60 ml) was added to a slurry of NaH (4.00 g, 100 mmol, 40% inmineral oil) in THF (100 ml). After 1 hr, the mixture was cooled to 0°C., and tBuMe₂SiCl (100 ml, 100 mmol, IM in THF) was added. The mixturewas allowed to warm to room temp. overnight. The mixture wasconcentrated in vacuo, and the residue was treated with water (750 ml)and ethyl ether (60 ml). The ether layer was washed with aq. NaHCO₃ andbrine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by flashchromatography on silica gel, eluting with 5% EtOAc/hexane, gave thedesired product (27.3 g/90%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 0.05 (s, 6H), 0.86 (s,6H), 0.88 (s, 9H), 1.20 (m, 12H), 3.50 (s, 4H).

[0825]¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) 8-5.7, 14.0, 18.1, 23.6, 25.1, 25.8, 30.6, 40.8,69.6, 70.2. GC/MS (ES/M−tBu): 245. Anal Calcd for (C₁₇H₃₈O₂Si): C,67.48; H, 12.66. Found: C, 67.98; H, 12.81.

[0826] 2-bromomethyl-2-butyl Hexanoic Acid

[0827] Sodium periodate (17.67 g, 82.62 mmol) and RuCl₃ (0.125 g, 0.603mmol) were added to a solution of2-[[(t-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]methyl]-2-butylhexanol (10.0 g, 33.05mmol) in CCl₄ (20.0 ml), CH₃CN (20.0 ml) and water (30.0 ml) at 0° C.After stirring for 20 hrs at room temp, the mixture was filtered throughcelite, extracted with CH₂Cl₂ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue waspurified by flash chromatography on silica gel, eluting with 20%EtOAc/hexane. The resulting residue was taken up in 48% HBr (35 ml) andheated to reflux. After 24 hrs, the mixture was cooled to room temp, andextracted with ethyl ether (3×). The combined extracts were washed withbrine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo. Purification bysublimation at 50° C. under vacuum gave a white solid (5.26 g/60%). ¹HNMR (CDCl₃) δ 0.89 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 6H), 1.11-1.24 (m, 4H), 1.25-1.34 (m,4H), 1.65-1.69 (m, 4H), 3.56 (s, 2H). ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 13.9, 22.9,26.0, 34.1, 36.2, 50.2, 180.9. MS (ES/M−HBr—H): 182.6. Anal Calcd for(C¹¹H₂₁O₂Br): C, 49.82; H, 7.98; Br, 30.13. Found: C, 49.94; H, 7.96;Br, 30.30.

[0828] 2-Amino-5-fluorobenzothiazole

[0829] Benzoyl chloride (34.72 g, 247 mmol) was added to a mixture ofammonium thiocyanate (18.8 g, 247 mmol) and acetone (100.0 ml) at 30° C.The mixture was heated to reflux for 10 min, and then 3-fluoroaniline(25.0 g, 225 mmol) was added at 50° C. over 10 min. Additional acetone(20 ml) was added, and the mixture, was heated to reflux for 1 hr. Asolution of NaOH (28.76 g, 719 mmol) in water (166 ml) was added, andthe resulting solution was heated to reflux. After 1.5 hrs, the mixturewas cooled to room temperature and concentrated to remove the acetone.Concentrated aq. HCl was added until pH=5.0. Then, concentrated aq.NH₄OH was added until pH=11.0. The precipitate was filtered, washed withwater and dried via vacuum oven to give 3-fluorophenylthiourea (32g/84%).

[0830] A solution of bromine (29.08 g, 182 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (80 ml) wasadded to a solution of 3-fluorophenylthiourea (31.0 g, 182 mmol) inCH₂Cl₂ (550 ml). The mixture was heated to reflux. After 3 hrs, thereaction mixture was cooled to room temp and filtered. The solid wassuspended in water (1 L) and conc. NH₄OH was added until basic. Themixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×200 ml). Combined organic extractswere washed with water (150 ml) and brine (150 ml), dried (Na₂SO₄) andconcentrated in vacuo to give a colored solid. Recrystallization frombenzene gave the desired product as a white solid (18.9 g/50%). ¹H NMR(DMSO-d₆) δ 6.83 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (d, J=10.5 Hz, 1H), 7.59-7.64(m, 3H). LC/MS (ES/M+H): 168.9. Anal Calcd for (C₇H₅N₂SF): C, 49.99; H,3.00; N, 16.66; S, 19.06. Found: C, 50.04; H, 2.95; N, 16.57; S, 18.96.

[0831] 2-(((2-amino-4-fluorophenyl)thio)methyl-2-butylhexanoic Acid

[0832] Potassium hydroxide (1.76 g, 31.52 mmol) was added to asuspension of 2-amino-5-fluorobenzothiazole (0.278 g, 1.65 mmol) inwater (3.5 ml). The mixture was heated to reflux for 7 hrs and thenallowed to cool to room temp. 2-(Bromomethyl)-2-butylhexanoic acid (0.44g, 1.65 mmol) was added. After 18 hrs more, conc. aq. HCl was addeduntil pH=4. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc, dried (Na₂SO₄), andconcentrated in vacuo. Purification by flash chromatography on silicagel, eluting with 10-40% EtOAc/hexane, gave the desired product (0.459g/85%). ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 0.81 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 6H), 1.00-1.13 (m, 4H),1.15-1.22 (m, 4H), 1.50-1.68 (m, 4H), 2.92 (s, 2H), 6.24 (dt, J=8.5, 2.6Hz, 1H), 6.41 (dd, J=11.1, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (dd, J=8.5, 6.4 Hz, 1H).LC/MS (ES/M−C₁₁H₂₆O₂): 141.9. Anal Calcd for (C₁₇H₂₆NO₂SF): C, 62.35; H,8.01; N, 4.28; S, 9.77. Found: C, 62.23; H, 8.28; N, 4.09; S, 9.06.

[0833] 3.3-Dibutyl-2.3-dihydro-5H-7-fluoro-1,5-benzothiazepine-4-one

[0834] p-Toluenesulfonic acid (0.426 g, 2.24 mmol) was added to asuspension of 2-(((2-amino-4-fluorophenyl)thio)methyl)-2-butylhexanoicacid (9.1 g, 27.8 mmol) in tetradecane (130.0 ml). The mixture washeated to reflux, collecting water in a Dean-Stark trap. After 15 min,the mixture was cooled to room temp and purified by flash chromatographyon silica gel, eluting with 0-10% EtOAc/hexane to give the desiredproduct (4.60 g/50%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 0.85 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 6H), 1.24 (m,8H), 1.60 (m, 2H), 1.80 (m, 2H), 2.90 (s, 2H), 6.68-6.74 (m, 2H), 7.38(dd, J=9.1, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 7.94 (s, 1H). Anal Calcd for (C₁₇H₂₄NOSF): C,65.99; H, 7.82; N, 4.53; S, 10.34. Found: C, 66.05; H, 7.91; N, 4.56; S,10.25.

[0835]3.3-Dibutyl-2,3-dihydro-7-fluoro-5-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-1,5-benzothiazenine-4-one

[0836] A mixture of2,3-dihydro-3,3-dibutyl-5H-7-fluoro-1,5-benzothiazepine-4-one (4.7 g,15.2 mmol), 4-iodoanisole (3.91 g, 16.7 mmol), K₂CO₃ (4.19 g, 30.4mmol), CuI (0.284 g, 1.52 mmol), tris(3,6-dioxaheptyl)amine (0.182 g,0.56 mmol) and xylenes (40 ml) were heated to reflux, collecting anywater present with a Dean-Stark trap. After 48 hrs, the mixture wascooled to room temp, diluted with CHCl₃ and purified by flashchromatography on silica gel, eluting with 0-15% EtOAc/hexane, to givethe desired product (6.20 g/90%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 0.83 (t, J=6.9 Hz,6H), 1.16-1.25 (m, 8H), 1.51 (m, 4H), 3.07 (s, 2H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 6.58(dd, J=9.9, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 6.77-6.88 (m, 3H), 7.04 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.57(dd, J=8.7, 6.6 Hz, 1H). LC/MS (ES/M+H): 416.1. Anal Calcd for(C₂₄H₃₀NO₂SF): C, 69.36; H, 7.28; N, 3.37; S, 7.70. Found: C, 69.76; H,7.51; N, 3.39; S, 7.60.

[0837]3,3-Dibutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7-fluoro-5-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-1,5-benzothiazepine

[0838] Sulfuric acid (3.56 ml, 25.7 mmol, 7.2M in THF) was added to a 1Msolution of LiAlH₄ (51.0 ml, 51.0 mmol) in ethyl ether at 0° C. After 1hr, a solution of3,3-dibutyl-2,3-dihydro-7-fluoro-5-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-1,5-benzothiazepine-4-one(6.20 g, 14.9 mmol) in THF (45.0 ml) was added. The mixture was allowedto warm to room temp. After 3.5 hrs, the mixture was cooled to 0° C. and30% water/THF (10 ml, v/v) was added. A solution of 1 N aq. NaOH (10.0ml) was added, and the reaction mixture was filtered through a flittedfunnel. The filtrate was extracted with ethyl ether, dried (Na₂SO₄) andconcentrated in vacuo to give the desired product (4.68 g/78%). ¹H NMR(CDCl₃) δ 0.76 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 6H), 0.94-1.28 (m, 12H), 2.90 (s, 3H), 3.77(s, 2H), 3.78 (s, 2H), 6.13 (dd, J=11.9, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 6.34-6.40 (m, 1H),6.84 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 2H), 7.03-7.10 (m, 3H). ³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 13.9, 23.2,25.3, 33.1, 40.3, 41.8, 55.5, 58.3, 107.1 (d, J=22.3 Hz), 107.5 (d, J #25.2 Hz), 114.9, 120.0, 126.3, 131.4 (d, J=9.2 Hz), 142.0, 151.3 (d,J=10.0 Hz), 155.9, 161.6 (d, J=243.0 Hz). Anal Calcd for (C₂₄H₃₂NOSF):C, 71.78; H, 8.04; N, 3.49; S, 7.97. Found: C, 71.70; H, 8.08; N, 3.59;S, 7.89.

[0839]3.3-Dibutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7-fluoro-5-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-1,5-benzothiazepine1,1-dioxide

[0840] A solution of oxone (1.35 g, 2.20 mmol) in water (4.0 ml) wasadded to a cold (0° C.) solution of3,3-dibutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7-fluoro-5-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-1,5-benzothiazepine(0.40 g, 1.0 mmol) in MeOH (4.0 ml) and THF (15.0 ml). After 16 hrs, themixture was diluted with water and extracted with CHCl₃ (3×). Thecombined extracts were washed with water, dried (Na₂SO₄) andconcentrated in vacuo. Purification by flash chromatography on silicagel, eluting with 25% EtOAc/hexane, gave the desired

[0841] product (0.35 g/80%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 0.77 (t, J 6.4, 6H),0.86-1.24 (m, 8H), 1.33-1.57 (m, 4H), 3.25 (s, 2H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.85(s, 2H), 6.18 (dd, J=11.7, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.60-6.66 (m, 1H), 6.91 (d,J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.12 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 2H), 7.94 (dd, J=9.1, 6.5 Hz, 1H).LC/MS (ES/M+H): 434. Anal Calcd for (C₂₄H₃₂NO₃SF): C, 66.48; H, 7.44; N,3.23; S, 7.38. Found: C, 66.97; H, 7.63; N, 3.12; S, 7.27.

EXAMPLE 63,3-Dibutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7-dimethylamino-5-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-1,5-benzothiazepine1,1-dioxide

[0842]

[0843] In a Fischer Porter bottle, a solution of3,3-dibutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7-fluoro-5-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-1,5-benzothiazepine1,1-dioxide (1.00 g, 2.30 mmol) in THF (7.0 ml) was cooled to 0° C.Dimethylamine (23.0 ml, 46 mmol, 2M in THF) was added, and the vesselwas closed and heated to 110° C. After 16 hrs, the reaction mixture wascooled to room temp and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by flashchromatography on silica gel, eluting with 25% EtOAc/hexane, gave thedesired product (0.30 g/28%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 0.76 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 6H),1.00-1.15 (m, 8H), 1.42-1.51 (m, 4H), 2.79 (s, 6H), 3.15 (s, 2H), 3.71(s, 2H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 5.81 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.34 (dd, J=9.1, 2.4 Hz,1H), 6.84 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.11 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2H).7.79 (d, J=9.1 Hz,1H). LC/MS (ES/M+H): 459.1. Anal Calcd for (C₂₆H₃₈N₂O₃S): C, 68.08; H,8.36; N, 6.11; S, 6.89. Found: C, 68.19; H, 8.28; N, 6.04; S, 6.90.

[0844]3,3-Dibutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7-dimethylamino-5-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)-1,5-benzothiazepine1,1-dioxide

[0845] A solution of3,3-dibutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7-dimethylamino-5-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-1,5-benzothiazepine1,1-dioxide (0.460 g, 1.003 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (6.0 ml) was cooled to 0° C.Boron tribromide (1.40 ml, 1.49 mmol, IM in CH₂Cl₂) was added, and themixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. After 18 hrs, themixture was cooled to 0° C., and water (4.0 ml) was added. The mixturewas extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×). Combined extracts were dried (Na₂SO₄)and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by flash chromatography onsilica gel, eluting with 30% EtOAc/hexane, gave the desired product(0.30 g/75%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 0.78 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 6H), 1.07-1.16 (m,8H), 1.43 (m, 4H), 2.80 (s, 6H), 3.17 (s, 2H), 3.70 (s, 2H), 5.12 (s,1H), 5.81 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.33 (dd, J=9.1, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 6.79 (d,J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.06 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.80 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H). LC/MS(ES/M+H): 445 Anal Calcd for (C₂₅H₃₆N₂O₃S): C, 67.53; H, 8.17; N, 6.30;S, 7.20. Found: C, 67.37; H, 8.04; N, 6.23; S, 7.15.

[0846]2-[2-[4-[3,3-Dibutyl-7-(dimethylamino)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,1-dioxido-1,5-benzothiazepin-5-yl]phenoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxyIodide

[0847]3,3-Dibutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7-dimethylamino-5-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)-1,5-benzothiazepine1,1-dioxide (0.50 g, 1.12 mmol) was reacted with1,2-bis(2-iodoethoxy)ethane (4.16 g, 11.24 mmol), according to theprocedure described for PHA-426998 above, to give the desired product(0.500 g/71%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 0.76 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 6H), 1.03-1.14 (m,8H), 1.43 (1m, 4H), 2.79 (s, 6H), 3.14 (s, 2H), 3.25 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H),3.69-3.78 (m, 8H), 3.86 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 4.10 (t, J=4.4 Hz, 2H), 5.79(d, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 6.33 (dd, J=8.9, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2H),7.09 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.78 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H). Reverse-phase HPLC:rt=28.3 min, 99% pure. LC/MS (ES/M+H): 687.23. Anal Calcd for(C₃₃H₄₇N₃O₅SI): C, 54.21; H, 6.90; N, 4.08; S, 4.66. Found: C, 54.20; H,6.76; N, 4.03; S, 4.54.

EXAMPLE 8N-[2-[2-[2-[4-[3,3-Dibutyl-7-(dimethylamino)-2.3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,1-dioxido-1,5-benzothiazepin-5-yl]phenoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]-N,N,N-triethylaminiumIodide

[0848]

[0849]2-[2-[2-[4-[3,3-Dibutyl-7-(dimethylamino)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,1-dioxido-1,5-benzothiazepin-5-yl]phenoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxyiodide (0.34 g, 0.496 mmol) was reacted with Et₃N (1.00 g, 9.88 mmol),according to the procedure described for PHA-426999E above, to give thedesired product (0.270 g/69%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 0.77 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 6H),1.03-1.21 (m, 8H), 1.34 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 9H), 1.35-1.55 (m, 4H), 2.82 (s,6H), 3.11 (s, 2H), 3.50 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 6H), 3.64-3.72 (m, 8H), 3.81 (m,2H), 4.00 (br s, 2H), 4.08 (m, 2H), 5.89 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.37 (dd,J=9.1, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.82 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.06 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.78(d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H). Reverse-phase HPLC: rt=6.8 min, 98% pure. LC/MS(ES/M−HI): 659.5. Anal Calcd for (C₃₇H₆₂N₃O₅SI): C, 56.39; H, 7.94; N,5.34; S, 4.06; O, 10.16; I, 16.12. Found: C, 55.01; H, 7.95; N, 5.32; S,3.96; O, 11.06; I, 16.80.

[0850]4-[[4-[3,3-Dibutyl-7-(dimethylamino)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,1-dioxido-1,5-benzothiazepin-5-yl]phenoxy]methyl]phenylmethylChloride

[0851]3,3-Dibutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7-dimethylamino-5-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)-1,5-benzothiazepine1,1-dioxide (0.50 g, 1.12 mmol) was reacted with α,α′-dichloro-p-xylene(1.968 g, 11.24 mmol), according to the procedure described forPHA-404691 above, to give the desired product (0.300 g/50%). ¹H NMR(CDCl₃) δ 0.76 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 6H), 0.98-1.14 (m, 8H), 1.43 (m, 4H), 2.79(s, 6H), 3.14 (s, 2H), 3.69 (s, 2H), 4.58 (s, 2H), 5.04 (s, 2H), 5.81(d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.33 (dd, J=9.1, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.89 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2H),7.10 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.39 (m, 4H), 7.79 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H). LC/MS(ES/M+1): 583. HRMS (ES/M+H) calcd for C₃₃H₄₃N₂O₃SCI: 583.2761, found:583.2773. Anal Calcd for (C₃₃H₄₃N₂O₃SCl): C, 68.01; H, 7.44; N, 4.81; S,5.49. Found: C, 67.97; H, 7.41; N, 4.83; S, 5.41.

EXAMPLE 91-[[-4-[[4-[3,3-Dibutyl-7-(dimethylamino)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,1-dioxido-1,5-benzothiazepin-5-yl]phenoxy]methyl]phenyl]methyl]-4-aza-1-azoniabicyclo[2,2,2]octaneChloride

[0852]

[0853]4-[[4-[3,3-Dibutyl-7-(dimethylamino)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,1-dioxido-1,5-benzothiazepin-5-yl]phenoxy]methyl]phenylmethylchloride (0.10 g, 0.17 mmol) was reacted with1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane, according to the procedure described forPHA-409705E, to give desired product (0.100 g/84%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ0.76 (t, J-6.6 Hz, 6H), 1.06-1.21 (m, 8H), 1.42 (m, 4H), 2.82 (s, 6H),3.12 (s, 2H), 3.14 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 6H), 3.66 (s, 2H), 3.73 (t, J=7.0 Hz,6H), 5.04 (s, 2H), 5.07 (s, 2H), 5.88 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.36 (dd,J=11.4, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 6.88 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.09 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 2H),7.51 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.63 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.79 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H).Reverse-phase HPLC: rt=18.1 min, 98.1% pure. LC/MS (ES/M−Cl): 659. HRMS(ES/M−Cl) calcd for C₃₉H₅₅N₄O₃SCl: 659.3995, found: 659.4021. Anal Calcdfor (C₃₉H₅₅N₄O₃SCl.3H₂O): C, 62.50; H, 8.20; N, 7.48; S, 4.28; O, 12.81.Found: C, 62.87; H, 7.93; N, 7.40; S, 4.29; O, 11.37.

[0854]N-[2-[4-[3,3-Dibutyl-7-(dimethylamino)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,1-dioxido-1,5-benzothiazepin-5-yl]phenoxy]ethyl]-N,N-diethylamine

[0855]3,3-Dibutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7-dimethylamino-5-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)-1,5-benzothiazepine1,1-dioxide (0.50 g, 1.12 mmol) was reacted with 2-diethylamino ethylchloride (1.935 g, 11.24 mmol), according to the procedure described forthe corresponding 1,4-benzothiazepine above, to give the desired product(0.500 g/81%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 0.76 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 6H), 0.97-1.17 (m,8H), 1.06 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H), 1.43 (m, 4H), 2.63 (dd, J=14.3, 7.0 Hz,4H), 2.78 (s, 6H), 2.85 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.15 (s, 2H), 3.70 (s, 2H),4.02 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 5.78 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.31 (dd, J=9.1, 2.4 Hz,1H), 6.84 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.09 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.78 (d, J=9.1 Hz,1H). Reverse-phase HPLC: rt=5.4 min, 99% pure. LC/MS (ES/M+H): 544. AnalCalcd for (C₃₁H₄₉N₃O₃S): C, 68.47; H, 9.08; N, 7.73; S, 5.90; O, 8.83.Found: C, 67.99; H, 8.92; N, 7.79; S, 5.86; O, 9.19.

EXAMPLE 7N-[2-[4-[3,3-Dibutyl-7-(dimethylamino)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,1-dioxido-1,5-benzothiazepin-5-yl]phenoxy]ethyl]-N,N,N-triethylaminiumiodide

[0856]

[0857]N-[2-[4-[3,3-Dibutyl-7-(dimethylamino)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,1-dioxido-1,5-benzothiazepin-5-yl]phenoxy]ethyl]-N,N-diethylamine(0.29 g, 0.533 mmol) was reacted with 20 eq. EtI, according to theprocedure described for PHA-427823E above, to give the desired quat salt(0.200 g/54%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) d 0.77 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 6H), 1.04-1.21 (m,8H), 1.36-1.45 (m, 4H), 1.46 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 9H), 2.84 (s, 6H), 3.10 (s,2H), 3.57 (q, J=7.4 Hz, 6H), 3.61 (s, 2H), 4.04 (m, 2H), 4.48 (m, 2H),5.95 (s, 1H), 6.40 (dd, J=9.1, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.07(d, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.80 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H). Reverse-phase HPLC: rt=16.9min, 95% pure. LC/MS (ES/M−HI): 571.9. Anal Calcd for (C₃₃H₅₄N₃O₃SI): C,56.64; H, 7.78; N, 6.00; S, 4.58; O, 6.86; I, 18.13. Found: C, 54.94; H,7.71; N, 5.76; S, 4.58; O, 8.21; I, 18.44.

[0858] Various Compounds Made

[0859] In accordance with the above-described procedures, the followingcompounds can be/were made:

[0860] 1,4 benzathiazapines

[0861] Further, utilizing the biological evaluation procedures outlinedbelow, the IC₅₀ (50% inhibitory concentrations) values indicated inTable 7 below were determined. TABLE 7 1,5-benzothiazepines Name IC₅₀(uM) SC-86288

 0.320 SC-86287

 0.289 SC-86436 free phenol  0.21 PHA00400670

26.4 PHA00400884E

>1 PHA00400885E

 0.30 PHA00384640E

 0.031

[0862] Utilizing the above-noted procedures, the following compoundswere prepared:

[0863] Furthermore, the additional IC₅₀ values were determined as notedin Table 8 below. TABLE 8 1, 4 and 1, 5 benzothiazipines IC₅₀ compound #Structure (nanomolar) 1 chiral R, R

600 nM 2 racemic

497 nM 3 racemic

2092 nM 4 racemic

74 nM 5 racemic

22 nM 6

289 nM 7

15084 nM 8

300 nM 9

30 nM

[0864] BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION

[0865] The utility of the compounds of the present invention is shown bythe following assays. These assays are performed in vitro and in animalmodels essentially using a procedure recognized to show the utility ofthe present invention.

[0866] In Vitro Assay of Compounds that Inhibit IBAT-Mediated Uptake of[¹⁴C]-Taurocholate (TC) in H₁₄Cells

[0867] Baby hamster kidney cells (BHK) transfected with the cDNA ofhuman IBAT (H14 cells) are seeded in 96 well Top-Count tissue cultureplates at 60,000 cells/well for assays run within 24 hours of seeding,30,000 cells/well for assays run within 48 hours, and 10,000 cells/wellfor assays run within 72 hours.

[0868] On the day of assay, the cell monolayer is gently washed oncewith 100 mL assay buffer (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's medium with 4.5g/L glucose plus 0.2% (w/v) fatty acid free bovine serum albumin((FAF)BSA). To each well 50 mL of a two-fold concentrate of testcompound in assay buffer is added along with 50 mL of 6 mM[¹⁴C]-taurocholate in assay buffer (final concentration of 3 mM[¹⁴C]-taurocholate). The cell culture plates are incubated 2 hours at37° C. prior to gently washing each well twice with 100 mL 4° C.Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 0.2% (w/v)(FAF)BSA. The wells are then gently washed once with 100 mL 4° C. PBSwithout (FAF)BSA. To each 200 mL of liquid, scintillation counting fluidis added. The plates are heat sealed and shaken for 30 minutes at roomtemperature prior to measuring the amount of radioactivity in each wellon a Packard Top-Count instrument.

[0869] In Vitro Assay of Compounds that Inhibit Uptake of [¹⁴C]-Alanine

[0870] The alanine uptake assay is performed in an identical fashion tothe taurocholate assay, with the exception that labeled alanine issubstituted for the labeled taurocholate.

[0871] In Vivo Assay of Compounds that Inhibit Rat Ileal Uptake of[¹⁴C]-Taurocholate into Bile

[0872] (See Une et al. “Metabolism of3a,7β-dihydroxy-7β-methyl-5β-cholanoic acid and 3a,7β-dihydroxy-7a-methyl-5β-cholanoic acid in hamsters”, Biochimica etBiophysica Acta, Vol. 833, pp. 196-202 (1985)).

[0873] Male wistar rats (200-300 g) are anesthetized with inactin @100mg/kg. Bile ducts are cannulated with a 10″ length of PE10 tubing. Thesmall intestine is exposed and laid out on a gauze pad. A canulae (⅛″luer lock, tapered female adapter) is inserted at 12 cm from thejunction of the small intestine and the cecum. A slit is cut at 4 cmfrom this same junction (utilizing a 8 cm length of ileum). 20 mL ofwarm Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline, pH 6.5 (“PBS”) is used toflush out the intestine segment. The distal opening is cannulated with a20 cm length of silicone tubing (0.02″ I.D.×0.037″ O.D.). The proximalcannulae is hooked up to a peristaltic pump and the intestine is washedfor 20 minutes with warm PBS at 0.25 ml/minute. Temperature of the gutsegment is monitored continuously.

[0874] At the start of the experiment, 2.0 mL of control sample([¹⁴C]-taurocholate @ 0.05 ml/mL with 5 mM cold taurocholate) is loadedinto the gut segment with a 3 mL syringe and bile sample collection isbegun. Control sample is infused at a rate of 0.25 ml/minute for 21minutes. Bile samples fractions are collected every 3 minutes for thefirst 27 minutes of the procedure. After the 21 minutes of sampleinfusion, the ileal loop is washed out with 20 mL of warm PBS (using a30 mL syringe), and then the loop is washed out for 21 minutes with warmPBS at 0.25 ml/minutes. A second perfusion is initiated as describedabove but with test compound being administered as well (21 minutesadministration followed by 21 minutes of wash out) and bile sampledevery 3 minutes for the first 27 minutes. If necessary, a thirdperfusion is performed as above that typically contains the controlsample.

[0875] Measurement of Hepatic Cholesterol Concentration (HEPATIC CHOL)

[0876] Liver tissue is weighed and homogenized in chloroform:methanol(2:1). After homogenization and centrifugation the supernatant isseparated and dried under nitrogen. The residue is dissolved inisopropanol and the cholesterol content is measured enzymatically, usinga combination of cholesterol oxidase and peroxidase, as described byAllain, C. A., et al. (1974) Clin. Chem. 20, 470.

[0877] Measurement of Hepatic HMG CoA-Reductase Activity (HMG COA)

[0878] Hepatic microsomes are prepared by homogenizing liver samples ina phosphate/sucrose buffer, followed by centrifugal separation. Thefinal pelleted material is resuspended in buffer and an aliquot isassayed for HMG CoA reductase activity by incubating for 60 minutes at37° C. in the presence of ¹⁴C-HMG-CoA (Dupont-NEN). The reaction isstopped by adding 6N HCl followed by centrifugation. An aliquot of thesupernatant is separated, by thin-layer chromatography, and the spotcorresponding to the enzyme product is scraped off the plate, extractedand radioactivity is determined by scintillation counting. (Reference:Akerlund, J. and Bjorkhem, I. (1990) J. Lipid Res. 31, 2159).

[0879] Determination of Serum Cholesterol (SER.CHOL. HDL-CHOL. TGI andVLDL+LDL)

[0880] Total serum cholesterol (SER.CHOL) is measured enzymaticallyusing a commercial kit from Wako Fine Chemicals (Richmond, Va.);Cholesterol C11, Catalog No. 276-64909. HDL cholesterol (HDL-CHOL) isassayed using this same kit after precipitation of VLDL and LDL withSigma Chemical Co. HDL Cholesterol reagent, Catalog No. 352-3 (dextransulfate method). Total serum triglycerides (blanked) (TGI) are assayedenzymatically with Sigma Chemical Co. GPO-Trinder, Catalog No. 337-B.VLDL and LDL (VLDL+LDL) cholesterol concentrations are calculated as thedifference between total and HDL cholesterol.

[0881] Measurement of Hepatic Cholesterol 7a-Hydroxylase Activity(7a-OHase)

[0882] Hepatic microsomes are prepared by homogenizing liver samples ina phosphate/sucrose buffer, followed by centrifugal separation. Thefinal pelleted material is resuspended in buffer and an aliquot isassayed for cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase activity by incubating for 5minutes at 37° C. in the presence of NADPH. Following extraction intopetroleum ether, the organic solvent is evaporated and the residue isdissolved in acetonitrile/methanol. The enzymatic product is separatedby injecting an aliquot of the extract onto a C₁₈ reversed phase HPLCcolumn and quantitating the eluted material using UV detection at 240nm. (Reference: Horton, J. D., et al. (1994) J. Clin. Invest. 93, 2084).

[0883] Rat Gavage Assay

[0884] Male Wister rats (275-300 g) are administered IBAT inhibitorsusing an oral gavage procedure. Drug or vehicle (0.2% Tween 80 in water)is administered once a day (9:00-10:00 a.m.) for 4 days at varyingdosages in a final volume of 2 mL per kilogram of body weight. Totalfecal samples are collected during the final 48 hours of the treatmentperiod and analyzed for bile acid content using an enzymatic assay asdescribed below. Compound efficacy is determined by comparison of theincrease in fecal bile acid (FBA) concentration in treated rats to themean FBA concentration of rats in the vehicle group.

[0885] Measurement of Fecal Bile Acid Concentration (FBA)

[0886] Total fecal output from individually housed hamsters is collectedfor 24 or 48 hours, dried under a stream of nitrogen, pulverized andweighed. Approximately 0.1 gram is weighed out and extracted into anorganic solvent (butanol/water). Following separation and drying, theresidue is dissolved in methanol and the amount of bile acid present ismeasured enzymatically using the 3a-hydroxysteroid steroid dehydrogenasereaction with bile acids to reduce NAD. (Reference: Mashige, F., et al.(1981) Clin. Chem. 27, 1352).

[0887] [³H]taurocholate Uptake in Rabbit Brush Border Membrane Vesicles(BBMV)

[0888] Rabbit Ileal brush border membranes are prepared from frozenileal mucosa by the calcium precipitation method describe by Malathi etal. (Reference: (1979) Biochimica Biophysica Acta, 554, 259). The methodfor measuring taurocholate is essentially as described by Kramer et al.(Reference: (1992) Biochimica Biophysica Acta, 1111, 93) except theassay volume is 200 μL instead of 100 μL. Briefly, at room temperature a190 μL solution containing 2 μM [³H]-taurocholate (0.75 μCi), 20 mMtris, 100 mM sodium chloride, 100 mM mannitol pH 7.4 is incubated for 5seconds with 10 μL of brush border membrane vesicles (60-120 μgprotein). The incubation is initiated by the addition of the BBMV whilevortexing and the reaction is stopped by the addition of 5 mL of icecold buffer (20 mM Hepes-tris, 150 mM KCl) followed immediately byfiltration through a nylon filter (0.2 μm pore) and an additional 5 mLwash with stop buffer.

[0889] Acyl-CoA: Cholesterol Acyl Transferase (ACAT)

[0890] Hamster liver and rat intestinal microsomes are prepared fromtissue as described previously (Reference: (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255,9098) and used as a source of ACAT enzyme. The assay consists of a 2.0mL incubation containing 24 μM Oleoyl-CoA (0.05 μCi) in a 50 mM sodiumphosphate, 2 mM DTT pH 7.4 buffer containing 0.25% BSA and 200 μg ofmicrosomal protein. The assay is initiated by the addition ofoleoyl-CoA. The reaction is allowed to proceed for 5 minutes at 37° C.and is terminated by the addition of 8.0 mL of chloroform/methanol(2:1). To the extraction is added 125 μg of cholesterol oleate inchloroform methanol to act as a carrier and the organic and aqueousphases of the extraction are separated by centrifugation after thoroughvortexing. The chloroform phase is taken to dryness and then spotted ona silica gel 60 thin layer chromatography plate and developed inhexane/ethyl ether (9:1). The amount of cholesterol ester formed isdetermined by measuring the amount of radioactivity incorporated intothe cholesterol oleate spot on the thin layer chromatography plate witha Packard instaimager.

[0891] Various additional compounds noted in Tables 9-10 below canbe/were made according to the procedures outlined above. TABLE 9

Compound R^(2A) R^(2B) R⁵ 101 ethyl n-butyl phenyl 102 ethyl n-butylphenyl 103 n-butyl Ethyl phenyl 104 ethyl n-butyl phenyl 105 ethyln-butyl phenyl 106 ethyl n-butyl phenyl 107 n-butyl Ethyl4-(decyloxy)phenyl 108 ethyl n-butyl phenyl 109 ethyl n-butyl4-(decyloxy)phenyl 110 ethyl n-butyl phenyl 111 n-butyl Ethyl4-hydroxyphenyl 112 ethyl n-butyl

113 ethyl n-butyl 4-hydroxyphenyl 114 ethyl n-butyl 4-methoxyphenyl 115n-butyl ethyl 4-methoxyphenyl 116 ethyl n-butyl 4-methoxyphenyl 117n-butyl ethyl phenyl 118 ethyl n-butyl phenyl 119 ethyl n-butyl phenyl120 n-butyl ethyl phenyl 121 ethyl n-butyl phenyl 122 n-butyl ethylphenyl 123 ethyl n-butyl phenyl 124 n-butyl ethyl phenyl 125 ethyln-butyl phenyl 126 n-butyl ethyl 4-fluorophenyl 127 n-butyl ethyl4-fluorophenyl 128 Ethyl n-butyl 4-fluorophenyl 129 Ethyl n-butyl4-fluorophenyl 131 Ethyl n-butyl 4-fluorophenyl 132 Ethyl n-butyl phenyl133 Ethyl n-butyl phenyl 134 Ethyl n-butyl phenyl 135 Ethyl n-butylphenyl 136 Ethyl n-butyl phenyl 137 n-butyl ethyl phenyl 138 n-butylethyl phenyl 139 n-butyl ethyl phenyl 140 141 142 Ethyl n-butyl H 143Ethyl n-butyl 3-methoxyphenyl 144 Ethyl n-butyl 4-fluorophenyl 262 Ethyln-butyl 3-methoxyphenyl 263 Ethyl n-butyl H 264 Ethyl n-butyl3-trifluoromethylphenyl 265 Ethyl n-butyl H 266 Ethyl n-butyl3-hydroxyphenyl 267 Ethyl n-butyl 3-hydroxyphenyl 268 Ethyl n-butyl4-fluorophenyl 269 Ethyl n-butyl H 270 Ethyl n-butyl 4-fluorophenyl 271Ethyl n-butyl 3-methoxyphenyl 272 Ethyl n-butyl H 273 Ethyl n-butyl H274 Ethyl n-butyl 4-fluorophenyl 275 Ethyl n-butyl H 276 Ethyl n-butyl3-methoxyphenyl 277 Ethyl n-butyl 3-fluorophenyl 278 Ethyl n-butyl2-fluorophenyl 279 Ethyl n-butyl 3-fluorophenyl 280 Ethyl n-butyl2-fluorophenyl 281 Ethyl n-butyl 4-fluorophenyl 282 Ethyl n-butyl4-fluorophenyl 283 Ethyl n-butyl H 284 Ethyl n-butyl 4-fluorophenyl 286Ethyl ethyl phenyl 287 Ethyl ethyl phenyl 288 methyl methyl phenyl 289n-butyl n-butyl phenyl 290 n-butyl n-butyl phenyl 291 n-butyl n-butylphenyl 292 n-butyl n-butyl 4-fluorophenyl 293 n-butyl n-butyl phenyl 294n-butyl n-butyl phenyl 295 Ethyl n-butyl

296 Ethyl n-butyl

1000 Ethyl n-butyl

1001 Ethyl n-butyl

1002 Ethyl n-butyl

1003 Ethyl n-butyl

1004 Ethyl n-butyl

1005 n-butyl n-butyl

1006 n-butyl n-butyl

1007 n-butyl n-butyl

1008 n-butyl n-butyl

1009 n-butyl n-butyl

1010 n-butyl n-butyl 3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl 1011 n-butyl n-butyl3-fluoro-4-(5-triethylammoniumpenyloxy)phenyl, trifluoroacetate salt1012 n-butyl n-butyl 4-hydroxyphenyl 1013 n-butyl n-butyl

1014 n-butyl n-butyl 4-methoxyphenyl 1015 n-butyl n-butyl

1016 n-butyl n-butyl

1017 n-butyl n-butyl

1018 n-butyl n-butyl

1019 n-butyl n-butyl

1020 n-butyl n-butyl

1021 n-butyl n-butyl

1022 n-butyl n-butyl

1023 n-butyl n-butyl

1024 n-butyl n-butyl

1025 n-butyl n-butyl

1026 n-butyl n-butyl

1027 n-butyl n-butyl

1028 n-butyl n-butyl

1029 n-butyl n-butyl

1030 n-butyl n-butyl

1031 n-butyl n-butyl

1032 n-butyl n-butyl

1033 n-butyl n-butyl

1034 n-butyl n-butyl

1035 n-butyl n-butyl

1036 n-butyl n-butyl

1037 n-butyl n-butyl 4-hydroxyphenyl 1038 n-butyl n-butyl

1039 n-butyl n-butyl phenyl 1040 n-butyl n-butyl

1041 n-butyl n-butyl

1042 n-butyl n-butyl

1043 n-butyl n-butyl

1044 n-butyl n-butyl

1045 n-butyl n-butyl

1046 n-butyl n-butyl 3-aminophenyl 1047 n-butyl n-butyl

1048 n-butyl n-butyl

1049 n-butyl n-butyl

1050 n-butyl n-butyl

1051 n-butyl n-butyl

1052 n-butyl n-butyl

1053 n-butyl n-butyl

1054 n-butyl n-butyl

1055 n-butyl n-butyl

1056 n-butyl n-butyl

1057 n-butyl n-butyl

1058 n-butyl n-butyl

1059 n-butyl n-butyl

1060 Ethyl n-butyl 3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl 1061 n-butyl n-butyl

1062 n-butyl n-butyl

1063 n-butyl n-butyl

1064 n-butyl n-butyl

1065 n-butyl n-butyl

1066 n-butyl n-butyl

1067 n-butyl n-butyl thiophen-3-yl 1068 n-butyl n-butyl

1069 n-butyl n-butyl phenyl 1070 n-butyl n-butyl

1071 n-butyl n-butyl

1072 n-butyl n-butyl

1073 n-butyl n-butyl

1074 Ethyl n-butyl 3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl 1075 n-butyl n-butyl4-fluorophenyl 1076 n-butyl n-butyl

1077 n-butyl n-butyl 3-hydroxymethylphenyl 1078 Ethyl n-butyl4-hydroxyphenyl 1079 Ethyl n-butyl

1080 n-butyl n-butyl

1081 n-butyl n-butyl

1082 n-butyl n-butyl 2-pyridyl 1083 n-butyl n-butyl

1084 n-butyl n-butyl

1085 n-butyl n-butyl thiophen-3-yl 1086 n-butyl n-butyl

1087 n-butyl n-butyl

1088 Ethyl n-butyl 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl 1089 Ethyl n-butyl4-methoxyphenyl 1090 n-butyl n-butyl

1091 n-butyl n-butyl

1092 n-butyl n-butyl

1093 n-butyl n-butyl

1094 n-butyl n-butyl

1095 n-butyl n-butyl

1096 n-butyl n-butyl

1097 n-butyl n-butyl

1098 n-butyl n-butyl

1099 Ethyl n-butyl 4-methoxyphenyl 1100 n-butyl n-butyl 4-methoxyphenyl1101 n-butyl n-butyl

1102 n-butyl n-butyl 3-carboxymethylphenyl 1103 n-butyl n-butyl

1104 n-butyl n-butyl

1105 n-butyl n-butyl 5-piperonyl 1106 n-butyl n-butyl 3-hydroxyphenyl1107 n-butyl n-butyl

1108 n-butyl n-butyl 3-pyridyl 1109 n-butyl n-butyl

1110 n-butyl n-butyl

1111 n-butyl n-butyl

1112 n-butyl n-butyl 4-pyridyl 1113 n-butyl n-butyl

1114 n-butyl n-butyl 3-methoxyphenyl 1115 n-butyl n-butyl 4-fluorophenyl1116 Ethyl n-butyl 3-tolyl 1117 Ethyl n-butyl

1118 Ethyl n-butyl 3-fluoro-4-hydroxyphenyl 1119 n-butyl n-butyl

1120 n-butyl n-butyl

1121 n-butyl n-butyl

1122 n-butyl n-butyl

1123 n-butyl n-butyl phenyl 1124 n-butyl n-butyl 3-methoxyphenyl 1125n-butyl n-butyl 3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl 1126 Ethyl n-butyl

1127 n-butyl n-butyl

1128 n-butyl n-butyl 3-fluoro-4-hydroxyphenyl 1129 n-butyl n-butyl4-fluorophenyl 1130 n-butyl n-butyl 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl 1131 Ethyln-butyl 4-methoxyphenyl 1132 n-butyl n-butyl

1133 n-butyl n-butyl 4-cyanomethylphenyl 1134 Ethyl n-butyl

1135 n-butyl n-butyl 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl 1136 n-butyl n-butyl

1137 n-butyl n-butyl 4-fluorophenyl 1138 n-butyl n-butyl

1139 n-butyl n-butyl 3,4-difluorophenyl 1140 n-butyl n-butyl3-methoxyphenyl 1141 n-butyl n-butyl 4-fluorophenyl 1142 n-butyl n-butyl

1143 n-butyl n-butyl H 1144 n-butyl n-butyl 5-piperonyl 1145 n-butyln-butyl 4-methoxyphenyl 1146 n-butyl n-butyl

1147 n-butyl n-butyl 3-methoxyphenyl 1148 n-butyl n-butyl 4-fluorophenyl1149 n-butyl n-butyl 4-fluorophenyl 1150 n-butyl n-butyl 3-methoxyphenyl1151 n-butyl ethyl 3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl 1152 n-butyl n-butyl phenyl1153 n-butyl n-butyl 4-fluorophenyl 1154 n-butyl n-butyl 3-methoxyphenyl1155 n-butyl n-butyl 4-fluorophenyl 1156 n-butyl n-butyl 4-fluorophenyl1157 n-butyl n-butyl 4-fluorophenyl 1158 n-butyl n-butyl 4-pyridinyl,hydrochloride salt 1159 n-butyl ethyl phenyl 1160 n-butyl n-butyl4-fluorophenyl 1161 n-butyl n-butyl 3,5-dichloro-4-methoxyphenyl 1162n-butyl n-butyl phenyl 1163 n-butyl n-butyl 3-(dimethylamino)phenyl 1164n-butyl n-butyl 4-pyridinyl 1165 n-butyl n-butyl3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl 1166 n-butyl n-butyl 3-hydroxyphenyl 1167n-butyl n-butyl

1168 n-butyl n-butyl 4-hydroxyphenyl 1169 n-butyl n-butyl phenyl 1170n-butyl n-butyl 3-methoxyphenyl 1171 n-butyl n-butyl4-(trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy)phenyl 1172 n-butyl n-butyl 4-pyridinyl1173 n-butyl n-butyl 4-fluorophenyl 1174 Ethyl n-butyl 3-methoxyphenyl1175 Ethyl n-butyl 3-methoxyphenyl 1176 n-butyl n-butyl 4-fluorophenyl1177 n-butyl n-butyl 3-methoxyphenyl 1178 n-butyl n-butyl3-(trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy)phenyl 1179 n-butyl n-butyl phenyl 1180n-butyl n-butyl phenyl 1181 n-butyl n-butyl 4-fluorophenyl 1182 n-butyln-butyl 4-(dimethylamino)phenyl 1183 n-butyl n-butyl 3-methoxyphenyl1184 n-butyl n-butyl 4-fluorophenyl 1185 n-butyl n-butyl 4-fluorophenyl1186 n-butyl n-butyl phenyl 1187 n-butyl n-butyl 4-fluorophenyl 1188n-butyl n-butyl 4-methoxyphenyl 1189 n-butyl n-butyl 3,4-difluoropbenyl1190 n-butyl n-butyl 2-bromophenyl 1191 n-butyl n-butyl4-(dimethylamino)phenyl 1192 n-butyl n-butyl 3-(dimethylamino)phenyl1193 n-butyl n-butyl 4-(2-(2-methylpropyl))phenyl 1194 n-butyl n-butyl

1195 n-butyl n-butyl 4-methoxyphenyl 1196 n-butyl n-butyl

1197 n-butyl ethyl phenyl 1198 n-butyl n-butyl 4-(pyridinyl-N-oxide)1199 n-butyl n-butyl

1200 n-butyl n-butyl H 1201 n-butyl n-butyl H 1202 n-butyl n-butyl

1203 n-butyl n-butyl 5-piperazinyl 1204 n-butyl n-butyl 4-fluorophenyl1205 n-butyl n-butyl

1206 n-butyl n-butyl

1207 n-butyl n-butyl 3,5-dichlorophenyl 1208 n-butyl n-butyl4-methoxyphenyl 1209 n-butyl n-butyl phenyl 1210 n-butyl n-butyl2-(dimethylamino)phenyl 1211 Ethyl n-butyl

1212 n-butyl n-butyl 4-methoxyphenyl 1213 n-butyl ethyl H 1214 n-butylethyl phenyl 1215 n-butyl n-butyl 4-methoxyphenyl 1216 Ethyl n-butyl5-piperonyl 1217 n-butyl n-butyl 4-carboxyphenyl 1218 n-butyl n-butyl4-methoxyphenyl 1219 n-butyl n-butyl

1220 n-butyl n-butyl 3-methoxyphenyl 1221 n-butyl n-butyl

1222 n-butyl n-butyl 3-methoxyphenyl 1223 n-butyl n-butyl phenyl 1224n-butyl n-butyl 3-nitrophenyl 1225 n-butyl ethyl 3-methylphenyl 1226Ethyl n-butyl 5-piperonyl 1227 n-butyl n-butyl 4-fluorophenyl 1228n-butyl n-butyl 2-pyrrolyl 1229 n-butyl n-butyl 3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl1230 n-butyl n-butyl phenyl 1231 n-butyl n-butyl

1232 n-butyl n-butyl 3-thiophenyl 1233 n-butyl n-butyl

1234 n-butyl n-butyl

1235 n-butyl n-butyl

1236 n-butyl n-butyl 4-(bromomethyl)phenyl 1237 n-butyl n-butyl

1238 n-butyl n-butyl

1239 n-butyl n-butyl

1240 n-butyl n-butyl 4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl 1241 n-butyl n-butyl3-(dimethylaminomethyl)phenyl 1242 n-butyl n-butyl

1243 n-butyl n-butyl

1244 n-butyl n-butyl 3-methoxyphenyl 1245 n-butyl n-butyl

1246 n-butyl n-butyl 3-(bromomethyl)phenyl 1247 n-butyl n-butyl

1248 n-butyl n-butyl

1249 n-butyl n-butyl

1250 n-butyl n-butyl 3-(dimethylamino)phenyl 1251 n-butyl n-butyl1-naphthyl 1252 n-butyl n-butyl

1253 n-butyl n-butyl

1254 n-butyl n-butyl

1255 n-butyl n-butyl

1256 n-butyl n-butyl 3-nitrophenyl 1257 n-butyl n-butyl phenyl 1258n-butyl n-butyl 4-fluorophenyl 1259 Ethyl n-butyl H 1260 Ethyl n-butyl3-hydroxyphenyl 1261 n-butyl n-butyl

1262 n-butyl n-butyl 2-thiophenyl 1263 n-butyl n-butyl 5-piperonyl 1264n-butyl n-butyl 4-fluorophenyl 1265 n-butyl n-butyl 4-fluorophenyl 1266n-butyl n-butyl

1267 n-butyl ethyl 5-piperonyl 1268 n-butyl n-butyl

1269 n-butyl n-butyl

1270 n-butyl n-butyl

1271 n-butyl n-butyl

1272 n-butyl n-butyl

1273 n-butyl n-butyl

1274 n-butyl n-butyl

1275 n-butyl n-butyl

1276 n-butyl n-butyl

1277 n-butyl n-butyl

1278 n-butyl n-butyl

1279 n-butyl n-butyl

1280 n-butyl n-butyl

1281 n-butyl n-butyl

1282 Ethyl n-butyl 3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl 1283 n-butyl n-butyl4-hydroxymethylphenyl 1284 n-butyl n-butyl 4-fluorophenyl 1285 n-butylethyl phenyl 1286 n-butyl n-butyl

1287 n-butyl ethyl 4-hydroxyphenyl 1288 n-butyl n-butyl

1289 n-butyl n-butyl

1290 n-butyl n-butyl

1291 n-butyl n-butyl

1292 n-butyl n-butyl

1293 n-butyl n-butyl

1294 n-butyl n-butyl

1295 n-butyl n-butyl

1296 n-butyl n-butyl

1297 n-butyl n-butyl

1298 n-butyl n-butyl

1299 n-butyl n-butyl

1300 n-butyl ethyl H 1301 n-butyl n-butyl 3-methoxyphenyl 1302 n-butyln-butyl 3-hydroxyphenyl 1303 n-butyl n-butyl

1304 n-butyl n-butyl 3-methoxyphenyl 1305 n-butyl n-butyl 4-fluorophenyl1306 n-butyl n-butyl

1307 n-butyl n-butyl H 1308 Ethyl n-butyl

1309 n-butyl n-butyl 4-methoxyphenyl 1310 Ethyl n-butyl phenyl 1311n-butyl ethyl phenyl 1312 n-butyl ethyl phenyl 1313 n-butyl ethyl phenyl1314 Ethyl n-butyl phenyl 1315 Ethyl n-butyl phenyl 1316 n-butyl ethylphenyl 1317 n-butyl ethyl phenyl 1318 Ethyl n-butyl phenyl 1319 Ethyln-butyl 3-methoxyphenyl 1320 Ethyl n-butyl phenyl 1321 n-butyl ethylphenyl 1322 n-butyl n-butyl

1323 n-butyl n-butyl

1324 n-butyl n-butyl

1325 n-butyl n-butyl 4-((diethylamino)methyl)phenyl 1326 n-butyl n-butyl

1327 n-butyl n-butyl 3-fluoro-4-hydroxy-5-iodophenyl 1328 n-butyln-butyl

1329 n-butyl n-butyl

1330 n-butyl n-butyl

1331 n-butyl n-butyl

1332 n-butyl n-butyl

1333 n-butyl n-butyl

1334 n-butyl n-butyl

1335 n-butyl n-butyl

1336 n-butyl n-butyl

1337 n-butyl n-butyl

1338 n-butyl n-butyl 4-methoxyphenyl 1339 n-butyl n-butyl

1340 n-butyl ethyl 5-piperonyl 1341 n-butyl n-butyl 3-methoxyphenyl 1342n-butyl n-butyl 5-piperonyl 1343 Ethyl n-butyl phenyl 1344 n-butyln-butyl 3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl 1345 Ethyl n-butyl phenyl 1346 Ethyln-butyl phenyl 1347 n-butyl n-butyl 3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl 1348isobutyl isobutyl phenyl 1349 Ethyl n-butyl phenyl 1350 n-butyl n-butyl3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl 1351 n-butyl n-butyl

1352 n-butyl n-butyl

1353 n-butyl n-butyl

1354 n-butyl n-butyl

1355 n-butyl n-butyl

1356 n-butyl n-butyl

1357 n-butyl n-butyl

1358 n-butyl n-butyl

1359 n-butyl n-butyl

1360 n-butyl n-butyl

1361 n-butyl n-butyl

1362 n-butyl n-butyl

1363 n-butyl n-butyl

1364 n-butyl n-butyl

1365 n-butyl n-butyl

1366 n-butyl n-butyl

1367 n-butyl n-butyl

1368 n-butyl n-butyl

1369 n-butyl n-butyl

1370 n-butyl n-butyl

1371 n-butyl n-butyl

1372 n-butyl n-butyl

1373 n-butyl n-butyl

1374 n-butyl n-butyl

1375 n-butyl n-butyl

1376 n-butyl n-butyl

1377 n-butyl n-butyl

1378 n-butyl n-butyl

1379 n-butyl n-butyl

1380 n-butyl n-butyl

1381 n-butyl n-butyl

1382 n-butyl n-butyl

1383 n-butyl n-butyl

1384 n-butyl n-butyl

1385 n-butyl n-butyl

1386 n-butyl n-butyl

1387 n-butyl n-butyl

1388 n-butyl n-butyl

1389 n-butyl n-butyl

1390 n-butyl n-butyl

1391 n-butyl n-butyl

1392 n-butyl n-butyl

1393 n-butyl n-butyl

1394 n-butyl n-butyl

1395 n-butyl n-butyl

1396 n-butyl n-butyl

1397 n-butyl n-butyl

1398 n-butyl n-butyl

1399 n-butyl n-butyl

1400 n-butyl n-butyl

1401 n-butyl n-butyl

1402 n-butyl n-butyl

1403 n-butyl n-butyl

1404 n-butyl n-butyl

1405 n-butyl n-butyl

1406 n-butyl n-butyl

1407 n-butyl n-butyl

1408 n-butyl n-butyl

1409 n-butyl n-butyl

1410 n-butyl n-butyl

1411 n-butyl n-butyl

1412 n-butyl n-butyl

1413 n-butyl n-butyl

1414 n-butyl n-butyl

1415 n-butyl n-butyl

1416 n-butyl n-butyl

1417 n-butyl n-butyl

1418 n-butyl n-butyl

1419 n-butyl n-butyl

1420 n-butyl n-butyl

1421 n-butyl n-butyl

1422 n-butyl n-butyl

1423 n-butyl n-butyl

1424 n-butyl n-butyl

1425 n-butyl n-butyl

1426 n-butyl n-butyl

1427 n-butyl n-butyl

1428 n-butyl n-butyl

1429 n-butyl n-butyl

1430 n-butyl n-butyl

1431 n-butyl n-butyl

1432 n-butyl n-butyl

1433 n-butyl n-butyl

1434 n-butyl n-butyl

1435 n-butyl n-butyl

1436 n-butyl n-butyl

1437 n-butyl n-butyl

1438 n-butyl n-butyl

1439 n-butyl n-butyl

1440 n-butyl n-butyl

1441 n-butyl n-butyl

1442 n-butyl n-butyl

1443 n-butyl n-butyl

1444 n-butyl n-butyl

1445 n-butyl n-butyl

1446 n-butyl n-butyl

1447 n-butyl n-butyl

1448 n-butyl n-butyl

1449 n-butyl n-butyl

1450 n-butyl n-butyl phenyl 1451 n-butyl n-butyl

[0892] TABLE 10 (continuation of Table 9 substituents)

IA

IB Com- pound Number (R⁶)_(m) 101

102 7-trimethylammonium iodide 103 7-trimethylammonium iodide 1047-dimethylamino 105 7-methanesulfonamido 106 7-(2′-bromoacetamido) 1077-amino 108 7-(hexylamido) 109 7-amino 110 7-acetamido 111 7-amino 1127-amino 113 7-amino 114 7-amino 115 7-(O-benzylcarbamato) 1167-(O-benzylcarbamato) 117 7-(O-benzylcarbamato) 1187-(O-benzylcarbamato) 119 7-(O-tert-butylcarbamato) 1207-(O-benzylcarbamato) 121 7-amino 122 7-amino 123 7-hexylamino 1247-(hexylamino) 125

126 7-(O-benzylcarbamato) 127 7-amino 128 7-(O-benzylcarbamato) 1297-amino

133 8-(hexyloxy) 134

135

136 8-hydroxy 137

138 8-acetoxy 139

140 141 142 7-methylmercapto 143 7-methylmercapto 144 7-(N-azetidinl)262 7-methoxy 263 7-methoxy 264 7-methoxy 265 7-methoxy 266 7-hydroxy267 7-methoxy 268 7-methoxy 269 7-methoxy 270 7-hydroxy 271 7-bromo 2727-bromo 273 7-fluoro 274 7-fluoro 275 7-fluoro 276 7-fluoro 2777-methoxy 278 7-methoxy 279 7-methoxy 280 7-methoxy 281 7-methylmercapto282 7-methyl 283 7-methyl 284 7-(4′-morpholino) 2867-(O-benzylcarbamato) 287 7-amino 288 7-amino 289 7-amino 290 7-amino291 7-(O-benzylcarbamato) 292 7-amino 293 7-benzylamino 2947-dimethylamino 295 7-amino 296 7-amino 1000 7-dimethylamino 10017-dimethylamino 1002 7-dimethylamino 1003 7-dimethylamino 10047-dimethylamino 1005 7-dimethylamino 1006 7-dimethylamino 10077-dimethylamino 1008 7-dimethylamino 1009 7-dimethylamino 10107-dimethylamino 1011 7-dimethylamino 1012 7-dimethylamino; 9-methoxy1013 7-dimethylamino 1014 7-dimethylamino; 9-methoxy 10157-dimethylamino 1016 7-dimethylamino 1017 7-dimethylamino 10187-dimethylamino 1019 7-dimethylamino 1020 7-dimethylamino 10217-dimethylamino 1022 7-dimethylamino 1023 7-dimethylamino 10247-dimethylamino 1025 7-dimethylamino 1026 7-dimethylamino 10277-dimethylamino 1028 7-dimethylamino 1029 7-dimethylamino 10307-dimethylamino 1031 7-dimethylamino 1032 7-dimethylamino 10337-dimethylamino 1034 7-dimethylamino 1035 7-dimethylamino 10367-dimethylamino 1037 7-dimethylamino 1038 7-dimethylamino 10397-dimethylamino 1040 7-dimethylamino 1041 7-dimethylamino 10427-dimethylamino 1043 7-dimethylamino 1044 7-dimethylamino 10457-dimethylamino 1046 7-dimethylamino 1047 7-dimethylamino 10487-dimethylamino 1049 7-dimethylamino 1050 7-dimethylamino 10517-dimethylamino 1052 7-dimethylamino 1053 7-dimethylamino 10547-dimethylamino 1055 7-dimethylamino 1056 7-dimethylamino 10577-dimethylamino 1058 7-dimethylamino 1059 7-dimethylamino 10607-methylamino 1061 7-methylamino 1062 7-methylamino 1063 7-methylamino1064 7-methylamino 1065 7-dimethylamino 1066 7-dimethylamino 10679-dimethylamino 1068 7-dimethylamino 1069 7-dimethylamino;9-dimethylamino 1070 7-dimethylamino 1071 7-dimethylamino 10727-dimethylamino 1073 7-dimethylamino 1074 7-dimethylamino 10757-dimethylamino; 9-dimethylamino 1076 7-dimethylamino 10777-dimethylamino 1078 7-dimethylamino 1079 7-dimethylamino 10807-dimethylamino 1081 7-dimethylamino 1082 7-dimethylamino 10837-dimethylamino 1084 7-dimethylamino 1085 7-dimethylamino 10867-dimethylamino 1087 7-dimethylamino 1088 7-dimethylamino 10897-dimethylamino 1090 7-dimethylamino 1091 7-dimethylamino 10927-dimethylamino 1093 7-dimethylamino 1094 7-dimethylamino 10957-dimethylamino 1096 7-dimethylamino 1097 7-dimethylamino 10987-dimethylamino 1099 7-dimethylamino 1100 7-dimethylamino 11017-dimethylamino 1102 7-dimethylamino 1103 7-dimethylamino 11047-dimethylamino 1105 7-dimethylamino 1106 7-dimethylamino 11077-dimethylamino 1108 7-dimethylamino 1109 7-dimethylamino 11107-dimethylamino 1111 7-dimethylamino 1112 7-dimethylamino 11137-dimethylamino 1114 7-methylamino 1115 7-dimethylamino 11167-dimethylamino 1117 7-dimethylamino 1118 7-dimethylamino 11197-dimethylamino 1120 7-dimethylamino 1121 7-dimethylamino 11227-dimethylamino 1123 7-dimethylamino 1124 7-dimethylamino 11257-dimethylamino 1126 7-dimethylamino 1127 7-dimethylamino 11287-dimethylamino 1129 9-dimethylamino 1130 7-dimethylamino 11317-dimethylamino 1132 7-dimethylamino 1133 7-dimethylamino 11347-dimethylamino 1135 7-dimethylamino 1136 7-dimethylamino 11379-(2′,2′-dimethylhydrazino) 1138 7-dimethylamino 1139 7-dimethylamino1140 7-(2′,2′-dimethylhydrazino) 1141 7-ethylmethylamino 11427-dimethylamino 1143 7-dimethylamino 1144 7-dimethylamino 11459-dimethylamino 1146 7-dimethylammo 1147 7-diethylamino 11487-dimethylsulfonium, fluoride salt 1149 7-ethylamino 11507-ethylmethylamino 1151 7-dimethylamino 1152 7-(ethoxymethyl)methylamino1153 7-methylamino 1154 9-methoxy 1155 7-methyl 1156 7-methylmercapto1157 7-fluoro; 9-dimethylamino 1158 7-methoxy 1159 7-dimethylamino 11607-diethylamino 1161 7-dimethylamino 1162 7-dimethylamino 1163 7-methoxy1164 7-methoxy 1165 7-trimethylammonium iodide 1166 7-trimethylammoniumiodide 1167 7-dimethylamino 1168 7-trimethylammonium iodide 11698-dimethylamino 1170 7-ethylpropylamino 1171 7-dimethylamino 11727-methoxy 1173 7-ethylpropylamino 1174 7-phenyl 1175 7-methylsulfonyl1176 9-fluoro 1177 7-butylmethylamino 1178 7-dimethylamino 11798-methoxy 1180 7-trimethylammonium iodide 1181 7-butylmethylamino 11827-methoxy 1183 7-fluoro 1184 7-fluoro; 9-fluoro 1185 7-fluoro 11867-fluoro; 9-fluoro 1187 7-methyl 1188 7-trimethylammonium iodide 11897-trimethylammonium iodide 1190 7-bromo 1191 7-hydroxy 1192 7-hydroxy1193 7-dimethylamino 1194 7-dimethylamino 11957-(4′-methylpiperazin-1-yl) 1196 7-methoxy 1197 7-(N-methylformamido)1198 7-methoxy 1199 7-dimethylamino 1200 7-dimethylamino 1201 7-methyl1202 7-methoxy 1203 7-(4′-tert-butylphenyl) 1204 7-methoxy 12057-dimethylamino 1206 7-dimethylamino 1207 7-dimethylamino 12087-dimethylamino 1209 7-dimethylphenyl 1210 7-dimethylamino 12117-dimethylammo 1212 9-(4′-morpholino) 1213 7-dimethylamino 12147-(N-methylformamido) 1215 9-methylmercapto 1216 7-bromo 12177-dimethylammo 1218 9-methylsulfonyl 1219 7-dimethylamino 12207-isopropylamino 1221 7-dimethylamino 1222 7-ethylamino 1223 8-bromo;7-dimethylamino 1224 7-fluoro 1225 7-dimethylamino 1226 7-bromo 12277-(tert-butylamino 1228 8-bromo; 7-dimethylamino 1229 7-dimethylamino1230 9-dimethylamino; 7-fluoro 1231 7-dimethylamino 1232 9-dimethylamino1233 7-dimethylamino 1234 7-dimethylamino 1235 7-dimethylamino 12367-dimethylamino 1237 7-dimethylamino 1238 7-dimethylamino 12397-dimethylamino 1240 7-dimethylamino 1241 7-dimethylamino 12427-dimethylamino 1243 7-dimethylamino 1244 7-(1′-methylhydrazido) 12457-dimethylamino 1246 7-dimethylamino 1247 7-dimethylamino 12487-dimethylamino 1249 7-dimethylamino 1250 7-dimethylamino 12517-dimethylamino 1252 7-dimethylamino 1253 7-dimethylamino 12547-dimethylamino 1255 7-dimethylamino 1256 7-dimethylamino 1257 8-bromo;7-dimethylamino 1258 9-(tert-butylamino) 1259 7-dimethylamino 12607-dimethylamino 1261 7-dimethylamino 1262 7-dimethylamino 1263 7-bromo1264 7-isopropylamino 1265 9-isopropylamino 1266 7-dimethylamino 12677-carboxy, methyl ester 1268 7-dimethylamino 1269 7-dimethylamino 12707-dimethylamino 1271 7-dimethylamino 1272 7-dimethylamino 12737-dimethylamino 1274 7-dimethylamino 1275 7-dimethylamino 12767-dimethylamino 1277 7-dimethylamino 1278 7-dimethylamino 12797-dimethylamino 1280 7-dimethylamino 1281 7-dimethylamino 12827-trimethylammonium iodide 1283 7-dimethylamino 1284 9-ethylamino 12857-dimethylamino 1286 7-dimethylamino 1287 7-dimethylamino 12887-dimethylamino 1289 7-dimethylamino 1290 7-dimethylamino 12917-dimethylamino 1292 7-dimethylamino 1293 7-dimethylamino 12947-dimethylamino 1295 7-dimethylamino 1296 7-dimethylamino 12977-dimethylamino 1298 7-dimethylamino 1299 7-dimethylamino 13007-dimethylamino 1301 7-trimethylammonium iodide 1302 9-hydroxy 13037-dimethylamino 1304 7-tert-butylamino 1305 9-methylamino 13067-dimethylamino 1307 9-(4′-morpholino) 1308 7-dimethylamino 13099-fluoro 1310 7-amino 1311 7-(hydroxylamino) 1312 8-hexyloxy 13138-ethoxy 1314 7-(hydroxylamino) 1315 7-(hexyloxy) 1316 8-hydroxy 1317

1318 7-dimethylamino 1319 7-fluoro 1320 7-amino 1321

1322 7-dimethylamino 1323 7-dimethylamino 1324 7-dimethylamino 13257-dimethylamino 1326 7-dimethylamino 1327 7-dimethylamino 13287-dimethylamino 1329 7-dimethylamino 1330 7-dimethylamino 13317-dimethylamino 1332 7-dimethylamino 1333 7-dimethylamino 13347-dimethylamino 1335 7-dimethylamino 1336 7-dimethylamino 13377-dimethylamino 1338 7-(4′-methylpiperazinyl) 1339 7-dimethylamino 13407-methyl 1341 7-dimethylamino 1342 7-(4′-fluorophenyl) 1343 7-amino 13447-dimethylamino 1345 7-trimethylammonium iodide 1346

1347 7-dimethylamino 1348 7-dimethylamino 1349 7-dimethylamino 13507-trimethylammonium iodide 1351 7-dimethylamino 1352 7-dimethylamino1353 7-dimethylamino 1354 7-dimethylamino 1355 7-dimethylamino 13567-dimethylamino 1357 7-dimethylamino 1358 7-dimethylamino 13597-dimethylamino 1360 7-dimethylamino 1361 7-dimethylamino 13627-dimethylamino 1363 7-dimethylamino 1364 7-dimethylamino 13657-dimethylamino 1366 7-dimethylamino 1367 7-dimethylamino 13687-dimethylamino 1369 7-dimethylamino 1370 7-dimethylamino 13717-dimethylamino 1372 7-dimethylamino 1373 7-dimethylamino 13747-dimethylamino 1375 7-dimethylamino 1376 7-dimethylamino 13777-dimethylamino 1378 7-dimethylamino 1379 7-dimethylanimo 13807-dimethylamino 1381 7-dimethylamino 1382 7-dimethylamino 13837-dimethylamino 1384 7-dimethylamino 1385 7-dimethylamino 13867-dimethylamino 1387 7-dimethylamino 1388 7-dimethylamino 13897-dimethylamino 1390 7-dimethylamino 1391 7-dimethylamino 13927-dimethylamino 1393 7-dimethylamino 1394 7-dimethylamino 13957-dimethylamino 1396 7-dimethylamino 1397 7-dimethylamino 13987-dimethylamino 1399 7-dimethylamino 1400 7-dimethylamino 14017-dimethylamino 1402 7-dimethylamino 1403 7-dimethylamino 14047-dimethylamino 1405 7-dimethylamino 1406 7-dimethylamino 14077-dimethylamino 1408 7-dimethylamino 1409 7-dimethylamino 14107-dimethylamino 1411 7-dimethylamino 1412 7-dimethylamino 14137-dimethylamino 1414 7-dimethylamino 1415 7-dimethylamino 14167-dimethylamino 1417 7-dimethylamino 1418 7-dimethylamino 14197-dimethylamino 1420 7-dimethylamino 1421 7-dimethylamino 14227-dimethylamino 1423 7-dimethylamino 1424 7-dimethylamino 14257-dimethylamino 1426 7-dimethylamino 1427 7-dimethylamino 14287-dimethylamino 1429 7-dimethylamino 1430 7-dimethylamino 14317-dimethylamino 1432 7-dimethylamino 1433 7-dimethylamino 14347-dimethylamino 1435 7-dimethylamino 1436 7-dimethylamino 14377-dimethylamino 1438 7-dimethylamino 1439 7-dimethylamino 14407-dimethylamino 1441 7-dimethylamino 1442 7-dimethylamino 14437-dimethylamino 1444 7-dimethylamino 1445 7-dimethylamino 14467-methoxy; 8-methoxy 1447 7-dimethylamino 1448 7-dimethylamino 14497-dimethylamino 1450 7-dimethylamino 1451 7-dimethylamino

[0893] TABLE 11

IA

IB

[0894] The comments below refer to the structures denoted in Table 11above. According to additional embodiments of the invention, in theabove-noted structures IA and IB, R^(1A) and R^(1B) can be independentlyselected from the group consisting of: ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl,n-pentyl, n-hexyl, iso-propyl, iso-butyl, iso-pentyl, CH₂(C═O)C₂H₅,CH₂OCH₅, CH₂CH(OH)C₂H₅, and CH₂O-(4-picoline). 1901] Additionally, R³and R⁴ can independently be selected from the group consisting of groups(1)-(70) of Table 1 as well as the following: para-methoxy-phenyl,meta-methoxy-phenyl, m-(CH₃)₂N-Ph-, p-(CH₃)₂N-Ph-, I⁻p-((CH₃)₃—N⁺-Ph-,I⁻m-((CH₃)₃—N⁺-Ph-, I⁻p-((CH₃)₃—N⁺-CH₂CH₂—(OCH₂CH₂)₂—O-Ph-, I⁻,p-(N,N-dimethylpiperazine)-(N′)′, CH₂—(OCH₂CH₂)₂—O-Ph-, p-CH₃O-Ph-, 3,4,dioxymethylene-Ph, m-CH₃O—, p-F-Ph-, 4-pyridine, N-methyl-4-pyridinium,I⁻, 3-pyridine, N-methyl-3-pyridinium, I⁻, 2-pyridine, p-CH₃O₂C-Ph-,thienyl-2-yl, 5-Cl-thienyl-2-yl, p-F-Ph-, and m-CH₃O-Ph.

[0895] Also, R⁶ can be independently selected from the group consistingof: 7-methyl, 7-ethyl, 7-iso-propyl, 7-tert-butyl, 7-OH, 7-OCH₃,7-O(iso-propyl), 7-SCH₃, 7-SOCH₃, 7-SO₂CH₃, 7-SCH₂CH₃, 7-NH₂,7-NHOH,7-NHCH₃, 7-N(CH₃)₂, 7-N(CH₃)₃, I⁻7-NHC(═O)CH₃, 7-N(CH₂CH₃)₂,7-NMeCH₂CO₂H, 7-N⁺(Me)₂CH₂CO₂H, I⁻, 7-(N)-morpholine, 7-(N)-azetidine,7-(N)-N-methylazetidinium, I⁻, 7-(N)-pyrrolidine,7-(N)-N-methyl-pyrrolidinium, I⁻, 7-(N)-N′-methylpiperazine,7-(N)-N′-dimethylpiperazinium, I⁻, 7-NH-CBZ, 7-NHC(O)C₅H₁₁,7-NHC(O)CH₂Br, 7-NH—C(NH)NH₂, 7-(2)-thiophene, 8-methyl, 8-ethyl,8-iso-propyl, 8-tert-butyl, 8-OH, 8-OCH₃, 8-O(iso-propyl), 8-SCH₃,8-SOCH₃, 8-SO₂CH₃, 8-SCH₂CH₃, 8-NH_(2,8)-NHOH, 8-NHCH₃,8-N(CH₃)₂,8-N(CH₃)₃, I⁻8-NHC(═O)CH₃, 8-N(CH₂CH₃)₂, 8-NMeCH₂CO₂H,8-N⁺(Me)₂CH₂CO₂H, I⁻, 8-(N)-morpholine, 8-(N)-azetidine,8-(N)-N-methylazetidinium, I⁻, 8-(N)-pyrrolidine,8-(N)-N-methyl-pyrrolidinium, I⁻, 8-(N)-N′-methylpiperazine,8-(N)-N′-dimethylpiperazinium, I⁻, 8-NH-CBZ, 8-NHC(O)C₅H₁₁,8-NHC(O)CH₂Br, 8-NH—C(NH)NH₂, 8-(2)-thiophene, 9-methyl, 9-ethyl,9-iso-propyl, 9-tert-butyl, 9-OH, 9-OCH₃, 9-O(iso-propyl), 9-SCH₃,9-SOCH₃, 9-SO₂CH₃, 9-SCH₂CH₃, 9-NH_(2,9)-NHOH, 9-NHCH₃, 9-N(CH₃)₂,9-N⁺(CH₃)₃, I⁻9-NHC(═O)CH₃, 9-N(CH₂CH₃)₂, 9-NMeCH₂CO₂H,9-N⁺(Me)₂CH₂CO₂H, I⁻, 9-(N)-morpholine, 9-(N)-azetidine,9-(N)-N-methylazetidinium, I⁻, 9-(N)-pyrrolidine,9-(N)-N-methyl-pyrrolidinium, I⁻, 9-(N)-N′-methylpiperazine,9-(N)-N′-dimethylpiperazinium, I⁻, 9-NH-CBZ, 9-NHC(O)C₅H₁₁,9-NHC(O)CH₂Br, 9-NH—C(NH)NH₂, and 9-(2)-thiophene.

[0896] Furthermore, R⁶ may also be selected from the group consistingof: 7-(1-aziridine), 7-EtS-, 7-CH₃S(O)—, 7-CH₃S(O)₂—, 7-PhS-, 7CH₃S—,9-CH₃S—, 7-CH₃O—, 9-CH₃O—, 7-Et-7-iPr-, 7-t-Bu-, 7-(1-pyrazole)-,7-(1-azetidine), 6-CH₃O—, 8-CH₃O—, 9-CH₃—, 7-CH₃, 7-(1-pyrrole),7-(N)N′-methylpiperazine, 7-CH₃C(═CH₂)—, 7-cyclpropyl, 7-(CH₃)₂NHN—,7-(N)-azetidine, 7-(N-pyrrolidine), 7-(CH₃)₂N—, 9-CH₃S—, 7-(CH₃)₂N—,6-CH₃O—, 7-CH₃O—, 8-CH₃O—, 7-Me—, 9-CH₃, 7-(CH₃)₂N—, 7-cyclopropyl,8-methyl, 8-ethyl, 8-iso-propyl, 8-tert-butyl, 8-OH, 8-OCH₃,8-O(iso-propyl), 8-SCH₃, 8-SOCH₃, 8-SO₂CH₃, 8-SCH₂CH₃, 8-NH_(2,8)-NHOH,8-NHCH₃, 8-N(CH₃)₂, 8-N⁺(CH₃)₃, I⁻, 8-NHC(═O)CH₃, 8-N(CH₂CH₃)₂,8-NMeCH₂CO₂H, 8-N⁺(Me)₂CH₂CO₂H, I⁻, 8-(N)-morpholine, 8-(N)-azetidine,8-(N)-N-methylazetidinium, I⁻, 8-(N)-pyrrolidine,8-(N)-N-methyl-pyrrolidinium, I⁻, 8-(N)-N-methyl-morpholinium, I⁻,8-(N)-N′-methylpiperazine, 8-(N)-N′-dimethylpiperazinium, I⁻, 8-NH-CBZ,8-NHC(O)C₅H₁₁, 8-NHC(O)CH₂Br, 8-NH—C(NH)NH₂, 8-(2)-thiophene, 9-methyl,9-ethyl, 9-iso-propyl, 9-tert-butyl, 9-OH, 9-OCH₃, 9-O(iso-propyl),9-SCH₃, 9-SOCH₃, 9-SO₂CH₃, 9-SCH₂CH₃, 9-NH_(2,9)-NHOH, 9-NHCH₃,9-N(CH₃)₂, 9-N⁺(CH₃)₃, I⁻, 9-NHC(═O)CH₃, 9-N(CH₂CH₃)₂, 9-NMeCh₂CO₂H,9-N⁺(Me)₂CH₂CO₂H, I⁻, 9-(N)-morpholine, 9-(N)-azetidine,9-(N)-N-methylazetidinium, I⁻, 9-(N)-pyrrolidine,9-(N)-N-methyl-pyrrolidinium, I⁻, 9-(N)-N-methyl-morpholinium, I⁻,9-(N)-N-methylpiperazine, 9-(N)-N′-dimethylpiperazinium, I⁻, 9-NH-CBZ,9-NHC(O)C₅H₁₁, 9-NHC(O)CH₂Br, 9-NH—C(NH)NH₂, 9-(2)-thiophene, 7-OHC₃,8-OCH₃, 7-SCH₃, 8-SCH₃, and 6-OCH₃.

[0897] R^(2A) and R^(2B) an be selected from among substituted andunsubstituted C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl wherein the substituent(s) can be selectedfrom among alkylcarbonyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, and nitrogen-containingheterocycles joined to the C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl through an ether linkage.Substituents at the 3-carbon can include ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl,n-pentyl, isobutyl, isopropyl, —CH₂C(═O)C₂H₅, —CH₂OC₂H₅ and—CH₂O-(4-picoline). Ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, and isobutyl arepreferred. In certain particularly preferred compounds of the presentinvention, substituents R^(2A) and R^(2B) are identical, for examplen-butyl/n-butyl, so that the compound is achiral at the 3-carbon.Eliminating optical isomerism at the 3-carbon simplifies the selection,synthesis, separation, and quality control of the compound used as anileal bile acid transport inhibitor. In both compounds having a chiral3-carbon and those having an achiral 3-carbon, substituents (R⁶) on thebenzo ring can include hydrogen, aryl, alkyl, hydroxy, halo, alkoxy,alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy,(N)-hydroxy-carbonylalkyl amine, haloalkylthio, haloalkylsufinyl,haloalkylsufonyl, amino, N-alkylamino, N,N-dialkylamino,(N)-alkoxycarbamoyl, (N)-aryloxycarbamoyl, (N)-aralkyloxycarbamyoyl,trialkylammonium (especially with a halide counterion), (N)-amido,(N)-alkylamido, -N-alkylamido, -N,N-dialkylamido, (N)-haloalkylamido,(N)-sulfonamido, (N)-alkylsulfonamido, (N)-haloalkylsulfonamido,carboxyalkyl-amino, trialkylammonium salt, (N)-carbamic acid, alkyl orbenzyl estr, N-acylamine, hydroxylamine, haloaylamine, carbohydrate,thiophene a trialkyl ammonium salt having a carboxylic acid or hydroxysubstiuent on one or more of the alkyl substituents, an alkylene bridgehaving a quaternary ammonium salt substituted thereon,—[O(CH₂)_(w)]_(x)—X where x is 2 to 12, w is 2 or 3 and X is a halo orquaternary ammonium salt, and (N)-nitrogen containing heterocyclewherein the nitrogen of said heterocycle is optional quaternized. Amongthe preferred species which may constitute R⁶ are methyl, ethylisopropyl, t-butyl, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, methylthio,iodo, bromo, fluoro, methylsulfinyl, methylsulfonyl, ethylthio, amino,hydroxylamine, N-methylamino, N,N-dimethylamino, N,N-diethylamino,(N)-benzyloxycarbamoyl, trimethylammonium, A, —NHC(═O)C₅H₁₁,—NHC(═O)C₆H₁₃, carboxyethylamino, (N)-morpholinyl, (N)-azetidinyl,(N)-N-methylazetidinium A, (N)-pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolyl,(N)-N-methylpyridinium A, (N)-N-methylmorpholinium A, andN-N′-methylpiperazinyl, (N)-bromomethylamido, (N)-N-hexylamino,thiophene, —N+(CH₃)₂CO₂H I⁻, —NCH₃CH₂CO₂H, —(N)-N′-dimethylpiperaziniumI—, (N)-t-butyloxycarbamoyl, (N)-methylsulfonamido,(N)N′-methylpyrrolidinium, and —(OCH₂CH₂)₃I, where A is apharmaceutically acceptable anion. The benzo ring is/can bemono-substituted at the 6, 7 or 8 position, or disubstituted at the 7-and -8 positions. Also included are the 6,7,8-trialkoxy compounds, forexample the 6,7,8-trimethoxy compounds. A variety of other substituentscan be advantageously present on the 6, 7, 8 and/or 9-positions of thebenzo ring, includes, for example, guanidinyl, cycloalkyl, carbohydrate(e.g, a 5 or 6 carbon monosaccharide), peptide, and quaternary ammoniumsalts linked to the ring via poly(oxyalkylene) linkages, e.g.,—(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)—N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A, where x is 2 to 10.

[0898] As various changes could be made in the above methods andapparatus without departing from the scope of the invention, it isintended that all matter contained in the above description beinterpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. All documentsmentioned in this application are expressly incorporated by reference asif fully set forth at length.

[0899] All patents, publication or other references mentioned in thisapplication are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Whenintroducing elements of the present invention or the preferredembodiment(s) thereof, the articles “a”, “an”, “the” and “said” areintended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms“comprising”, “including” and “having” are intended to be inclusive andmean that there may be additional elements other than the listedelements.

What we claim is:
 1. A compound of Formula I:

wherein: j is 0, 1 or 2; and m is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and R^(1A) and R^(1B)are independently selected from hydrogen and alkyl; and R^(2A) andR^(2B) are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl and aralkyl; or R^(2A) andR^(2B) together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form aC₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl group; and one of Z and Y is NR³ and the other of Z andY is CHR⁴; wherein R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, oxo, acyl, thioacyl, and R⁵; and wherein R⁵ isselected from the group consisting of alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl;alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; —OR⁹; —SR⁹;—S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; and —SO₃R⁹; wherein the R⁵ alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl;alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; and quaternary heterocyclyl radical issubstituted with one or more radicals independently selected from thegroup consisting of halogen; —CN; —NO₂; oxo; alkyl; polyalkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;polyether; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴; —SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³; —SO₂R¹³; —SO₃R¹³OR¹⁴;—NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —CO₂R¹³—OM; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM;—COR¹³; —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴; —NR¹³C(O)NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³CO₂R¹⁴; —OC(O)R¹³;—OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹³SOR¹⁴; —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴; —NR¹³SONR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³SO₂NR¹⁴R¹⁵;—PR¹³R¹⁴; —P(O)R¹³R¹⁴; —P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; —P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; and—N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; and wherein the alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl,hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl,quaternary heterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyethersubstituents of the R⁵ radical optionally may be further substitutedwith one or more radicals selected from the group consisting of —CN;halogen; hydroxy; oxo; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclyl;—OR⁷; —NR⁷R⁸; —SR⁷; —S(O)R⁷; —SO₂R⁷; —SO₃R⁷; —CO₂R⁷; —CONR⁷R⁸;—N⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A-; —P(O)R⁷R⁸; —PR⁷R⁸; —P⁺E⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; and —P(O)(OR⁷)OR⁸; andwherein the alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl,alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, quaternary heterocyclyl,arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyether substituents of the R⁵radical optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁷—;—N⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁷A⁻-; —PR⁷—; —P(O)R⁷—; —P⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; orphenylene; and wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen; and alkyl; and wherein R⁹, R¹⁰, and R^(w)are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; alkyl;cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; alkylammoniumalkyl;arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl;carboalkoxyalkyl; carboxyaryl; carboxyheterocyclyl; amino; alkylamino;carboxyalkylamino; alkoxyalkylamino; and acyl; and wherein R¹¹ and R¹²are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; —CN;halogen; oxo; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl;cycloalkyl; cycloalkenyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cyanoalkyl; —OR⁹;—NR⁹R¹⁰; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹; —CO₂R⁹; and —CONR⁹R¹⁰; or R¹¹and R¹² together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form acyclic ring; and wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of hydrogen; alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyether;or wherein R¹³ and R¹⁴ together with the nitrogen atom to which they areattached form a mono- or polycyclic heterocyclyl that is optionallysubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof oxo, carboxy, and quaternary salts; or wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ togetherwith the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a cyclic ring;and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may be substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; sulfo; oxo; alkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; sulfoalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;carboxy; carboxyalkyl; guanidinyl; —OR¹⁶; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻;—SR¹⁶; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R¹⁶; —CO₂R¹⁶; —CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰;—PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; —P⁹R¹⁰; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰R¹¹A⁻; —S⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻; and carbohydrateresidue; and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁹—;—N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁹A⁻-; —PR⁹—P⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —P(O)R⁹—;phenylene; carbohydrate residue; amino acid residue; peptide residue; orpolypeptide residue; and wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of R⁹ and M; and wherein A⁻ is apharmaceutically acceptable cation and M is a pharmaceuticallyacceptable cation; and one or more R⁶ radicals are independentlyselected from the group consisting of R⁵, hydrogen; halogen; —CN; —NO₂;alkyl; cycloalkyl; polyalkyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl;aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; polyether; acyloxy; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴; —SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³;—S(O)₂R¹³; —SO₃R¹³; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; —NR¹³OR¹⁴; —NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —CO₂R¹³; —OM;—SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹⁴C(O)R¹³; —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM; —COR¹³; OR¹⁸;—S(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹³R¹⁸; —NR¹⁸OR¹⁴; —N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; PR¹³R¹⁴;—P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; amino acid residue; peptide residue; polypeptideresidue; and carbohydrate residue; wherein the R⁶ alkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; polyether; acyloxy radicalsoptionally may be further substituted with one or more radicals selectedfrom the group consisting of halogen; —CN; oxo; —OR¹⁶; —NR⁹R¹⁰;—N⁺R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻; —SR¹⁶; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R¹⁶; —CO₂R¹⁶; —CONR⁹R¹⁰;—SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰; —PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; —P⁹R¹⁰; —P⁺R⁹R¹¹R¹²A⁻; —S⁺R⁹R¹¹R¹⁰A⁻; andcarbohydrate residue; and wherein the R⁶ quaternary heterocyclyl radicaloptionally may be substituted with one or more radicals selected fromthe group consisting of halogen; —CN; —NO₂; oxo; alkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; polyether; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴;—SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³; —SO₂R¹³; —SO₃R¹³; —NR¹³OR¹⁴; —NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —CO₂R¹³ OM;—SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM; —COR¹³; —P(O)R¹³R¹⁴;—P¹³R¹⁴; —P⁺R¹³ R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; —P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; —N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; andcarbohydrate residue; and wherein the R⁶ radicals comprising carbonoptionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR¹³—;—N⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R¹³A⁻-; —PR¹³—; —P(O)R¹³—; —PR¹³R¹⁴;—P⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻-; phenylene; amino acid residue; peptide residue;polypeptide residue; carbohydrate residue; polyether; or polyalkyl;wherein said phenylene; amino acid residue; peptide residue; polypeptideresidue; carbohydrate residue; and polyalkyl optionally may have one ormore carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁹—; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—;—S⁺R⁹A⁻-; —PR⁹—; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; or —P(O)R⁹—; and wherein R¹⁸ is selectedfrom the group consisting of alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;acyl; alkoxycarbonyl; arylalkoxycarbonyl; andheterocyclylalkoxycarbonyl; and wherein the R¹⁸ alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl;aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; acyl; alkoxycarbonyl; arylalkoxycarbonyl; andheterocyclylalkoxycarbonyl radicals optionally may be substituted withone or more radicals selected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN;NO₂; oxo; —OR⁹; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —N⁺R⁹R¹¹R¹²A⁻; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹;—CO₂R⁹; —CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰; —PR⁹R¹⁰; —P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴;—PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; and —C(O)OM; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,solvate, or prodrug thereof; provided that at least one of R³, R⁴ and R⁶is R⁵; and provided that at least one of the following conditions issatisfied: (a) the R⁵ moiety possesses an overall positive charge; (b)the R⁵ moiety comprises a quaternary ammonium group or a quaternaryamine salt; (c) the R⁵ moiety comprises a phosphonic acid group or atleast two carboxyl groups; or (d) the R⁵ moiety comprises a polyethyleneglycol group having a molecular weight of at least
 1000. 2. A compoundof claim 1 wherein R is aryl substituted with one or more radicalsindependently selected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; —NO₂;oxo; alkyl; polyalkyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl;alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; polyether; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴; —SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³; —SO₂R¹³;—SO₃R¹³; —NR¹³OR¹⁴; —NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —CO₂R¹³; —OM; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴;—C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM; —COR¹³; —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴; —NR¹³C(O)NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³CO₂R¹⁴; —OC(O)R¹³; —OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹³SOR¹⁴; —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴;—NR¹³SONR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³SO₂NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —PR¹³R¹⁴; —P(O)R¹³R¹⁴; —P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻;—P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; and —N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; and wherein the alkyl,polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl,heterocyclyl, quaternary heterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, andpolyether substituents of the R⁵ aryl optionally may be furthersubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof-CN; halogen; hydroxy; oxo; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclyl;—OR⁷; —NR⁷R⁸; —SR⁷; —S(O)R⁷; —SO₂R⁷; —SO₃R⁷; —CO₂R⁷;—CONR⁷R⁸—N⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; —P(O)R⁷R⁸; —PR⁷R⁸; —P⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; and —P(O)(OR⁷)OR⁸;and wherein the alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl,alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, quaternary heterocyclyl,arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyether substituents of the R⁵ aryloptionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁷—;—N⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁷A⁻-; —PR⁷—; —P(O)R⁷—; —P⁺R⁷R⁸ A⁻-; orphenylene; and wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen; and alkyl; and wherein R⁹, R¹⁰, and R^(w)are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; alkyl;cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; alkylammoniumalkyl;arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl;carboalkoxyalkyl; carboxyaryl; carboxyheterocyclyl; amino; alkylamino;carboxyalkylamino; alkoxyalkylamino; and acyl; and wherein R¹¹ and R¹²are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; —CN;halogen; oxo; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl;cycloalkyl; cycloalkenyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cyanoalkyl; —OR⁹;—NR⁹R¹⁰; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹; —CO₂R⁹; and —CONR⁹R¹⁰; or R¹¹and R¹² together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form acyclic ring; and wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of hydrogen; alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyether;or wherein R¹³ and R¹⁴ together with the nitrogen atom to which they areattached form a mono- or polycyclic heterocyclyl that is optionallysubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof oxo, carboxy, and quaternary salts; or wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ togetherwith the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a cyclic ring;and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may be substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; sulfo; oxo; alkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; sulfoalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;carboxy; carboxyalkyl; guanidinyl; —OR¹⁶; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻;—SR¹⁶; —S(O)R⁹; —SO²R⁹; —SO₃R¹⁶; —CO₂R¹⁶; —CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰;—PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; —P⁹R¹⁰; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰R¹¹A⁻; —S⁺R⁹R¹⁰A-; and carbohydrateresidue; and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁹—;—N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁹A⁻-; —PR⁹—; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —P(O)R⁹—;phenylene; carbohydrate residue; amino acid residue; peptide residue; orpolypeptide residue; and wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of R⁹ and M; and wherein A⁻ is apharmaceutically acceptable anion and M is a pharmaceutically acceptablecation.
 3. A compound of claim 2 wherein R⁵ is:

wherein k is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and one or more R¹⁹ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; —NO₂; oxo; alkyl;polyalkyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;polyether; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴; —SR¹³; —SO²R¹³; —SO₃R¹³; —NR¹³OR¹⁴;—NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵—; —CO₂R¹³; —OM; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴—C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM;—COR¹³; —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴; —NR¹³C(O)NR¹⁴R¹⁵, NR¹³CO₂R¹⁴; —OC(O)R¹³;—OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹³SOR¹⁴; —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴; —NR¹³SONR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³SO₂NR¹⁴R¹⁵;—PR¹³R¹⁴; —P(O)R¹³R¹⁴; —P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; —P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; and—N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; and wherein the R¹⁹ alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl,hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl,quaternary heterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyetherradicals optionally may be further substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of —CN; halogen; hydroxy; oxo; alkyl;cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; —OR⁷; —NR⁷R⁸; —SR⁷; —S(O)R⁷;—SO₂R⁷; —SO₃R⁷; —CO₂R⁷; —CONR⁷R⁸; —N⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A-; P(O)R⁷R⁸; PR⁷R⁸;—P⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; and —P(O)(OR⁷)OR⁸; and wherein the R¹⁹ alkyl, polyalkyl,haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl,heterocyclyl, quaternary heterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, andpolyether radicals optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by—O—; —NR⁷—; —N⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁷A⁻-; —PR⁷—; —P(O)R⁷—;—P⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; or phenylene; and wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen; and alkyl; and whereinR⁹, R¹⁰, and R^(w) are independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl;alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl; carboxyaryl; carboxyheterocyclyl; amino;alkylamino; carboxyalkylamino; alkoxyalkylamino; and acyl; and whereinR¹¹ and R¹² are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen; —CN; halogen; oxo; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl;carboalkoxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; cycloalkenyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl;cyanoalkyl; —OR⁹; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹; —CO₂R⁹; and—CONR⁹R¹⁰; or R¹¹ and R¹² together with the carbon atom to which theyare attached form a cyclic ring; and wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ areindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; alkyl;haloalkyl; cycloalkyl; polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl;quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyether;or wherein R¹³ and R¹⁴ together with the nitrogen atom to which they areattached form a mono- or polycyclic heterocyclyl that is optionallysubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof oxo, carboxy, and quaternary salts; or wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ togetherwith the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a cyclic ring;and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may be substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; sulfo; oxo; alkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; sulfoalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;carboxy; carboxyalkyl; guanidinyl; —OR¹⁶; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻;—SR¹⁶; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R¹⁶; —CO₂R¹⁶; —CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰;—PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; —P⁹R¹⁰; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰R¹¹A-; —S⁺R⁹R¹⁰A-; and carbohydrateresidue; and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁹—;—N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —S⁺R⁹A⁻-; —PR⁹—; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —P(O)R⁹—; phenylene;carbohydrate residue; amino acid residue; peptide residue; orpolypeptide residue; and wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of R⁹ and M; and wherein A⁻ is apharmaceutically acceptable anion and M is a pharmaceutically acceptablecation.
 4. A compound of claim 3 wherein R⁵ is:

wherein R¹⁹ is as defined in claim
 3. 5. A compound of claim 3 whereinR⁵ is:

wherein R¹⁹ is as defined in claim
 3. 6. A compound of claim 3 wherein:R³ is R⁵; and R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen andalkyl.
 7. A compound of claim 3 wherein: R³ is selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen and alkyl; and R⁴ is R⁵.
 8. A compound of claim 3wherein: R³ is R⁵; and R⁴ is selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen; oxo; alkyl; cycloalkyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; acyl, thioacyl,and —OR⁹; wherein the R⁴ alkyl; cycloalkyl; aryl; heterocyclyl radicalis substituted with one or more radicals independently selected from thegroup consisting of halogen; —CN; —NO₂; oxo; alkyl; polyalkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;polyether; —OR¹³; —NR¹³ R¹⁴; —SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³; —SO₂R¹³; —SO₃R¹³;—NR¹³OR¹⁴; —NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —CO₂R¹³; —OM; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴;—C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM; —COR¹³; —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴; —NR¹³C(O)NR¹⁴R¹⁵;—NR¹³CO₂R¹⁴; —OC(O)R¹³; —OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹³SOR¹⁴; —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴;—NR¹³SONR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³SO₂NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —PR¹³R¹⁴; —P(O)R¹³R¹⁴; —P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻;—P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; and —N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; and wherein the alkyl,polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl,heterocyclyl, quaternary heterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, andpolyether substituents of the R⁴ radical optionally may be furthersubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof —CN; halogen; hydroxy; oxo; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl;aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; —OR⁷; —NR⁷R⁸; —SR⁷; —S(O)R⁷; —SO₂R⁷; —SO₃R⁷; —CO₂R⁷;—CONR⁷R⁸; —N⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A-; —P(O)R⁷R⁸; —PR⁷R⁸; —P⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; and—P(O)(OR⁷)OR⁸; and wherein the alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl,hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl,quaternary heterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyethersubstituents of the R⁴ radical optionally may have one or more carbonsreplaced by —O—; —NR⁷; —N⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁷A⁻; —PR⁷—;—P(O)R⁷—; —P⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; or phenylene; and wherein R⁷ and R⁸ areindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; and alkyl;and wherein R⁹, R¹⁰, and R^(w) are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; alkylammoniumalkyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl; carboxyaryl;carboxyheterocyclyl; amino; alkylamino; carboxyalkylamino;alkoxyalkylamino; and acyl; and wherein R¹¹ and R¹² are independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen; —CN; halogen; oxo;alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl;cycloalkyl; cycloalkenyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cyanoalkyl; —OR⁹;—NR⁹R¹⁰; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹; —CO₂R⁹; and —CONR⁹R¹⁰; or R¹¹and R¹² together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form acyclic ring; and wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of hydrogen; alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyether;or wherein R¹³ and R¹⁴ together with the nitrogen atom to which they areattached form a mono- or polycyclic heterocyclyl that is optionallysubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof oxo, carboxy, and quaternary salts; or wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ togetherwith the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a cyclic ring;and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may be substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; sulfo; oxo; alkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; sulfoalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;carboxy; carboxyalkyl; guanidinyl; —OR⁶; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻;—SR¹⁶; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R¹⁶; —CO₂R¹⁶; —CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰;—PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; —P⁹R¹⁰; —P⁺R⁹ R¹⁰R¹¹A-; —S⁺R⁹R¹⁰A-; and carbohydrateresidue; and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁹—;—N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁹A⁻-; —PR⁹—; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —P(O)R⁹—;phenylene; carbohydrate residue; amino acid residue; peptide residue; orpolypeptide residue; and wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of R⁹ and M; and wherein A⁻ is apharmaceutically acceptable cation and M is a pharmaceuticallyacceptable cation.
 9. A compound of claim 3 wherein: R³ is selected fromthe group consisting of hydrogen; oxo; alkyl; cycloalkyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; acyl, thioacyl, and —OR⁹; wherein the R³ alkyl;cycloalkyl; aryl; heterocyclyl radical is substituted with one or moreradicals independently selected from the group consisting of halogen;—CN; —NO₂; oxo; alkyl; polyalkyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cycloalkyl;alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl;arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; polyether; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴; —SR¹³;—S(O)R¹³; —SO₂R¹³; —SO₃R¹³; —NR¹³OR¹⁴; —NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —CO₂R¹³; —OM,—SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM; —COR¹³; —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴;—NR¹³C(O)NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³CO₂R¹⁴; —OC(O)R¹³; —OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹³SOR¹⁴;—NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴; —NR¹³SONR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³SO₂NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —PR¹³R¹⁴; —P(O)R¹³R¹⁴;—P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; —P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; and —N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; andwherein the alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl,alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, quaternary heterocyclyl,arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyether substituents of the R³radical optionally may be further substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of —CN; halogen; hydroxy; oxo; alkyl;cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alknyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; —OR⁷; —NR⁷R⁸; —SR⁷; —S(O)R⁷;—SO₂R⁷; —SO₃R⁷; —CO₂R⁷—CONR⁷R⁸; —N⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A-; —P(O)R⁷R⁸; —PR⁷R⁸;—P⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; and —P(O)(OR⁷)OR⁸; and wherein the alkyl, polyalkyl,haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl,heterocyclyl, quaternary heterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, andpolyether substituents of the R³ radical optionally may have one or morecarbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁷—; —N⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁷A⁻-;—PR⁷—; —P(O)R⁷—; —P⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; or phenylene; and wherein R⁷ and R⁸ areindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; and alkyl;and wherein R⁹, R¹⁰, and R^(w) are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; alkylammoniumalkyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl; carboxyaryl;carboxyheterocyclyl; amino; alkylamino; carboxyalkylamino;alkoxyalkylamino; and acyl; and wherein R¹¹ and R¹² are independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen; —CN; halogen; oxo;alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl;cycloalkyl; cycloalkenyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cyanoalkyl; —OR⁹;—NR⁹R¹⁰; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹; —CO₂R⁹; and —CONR⁹R¹⁰; or R¹¹and R¹² together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form acyclic ring; and wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of hydrogen; alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyether;or wherein R¹³ and R¹⁴ together with the nitrogen atom to which they areattached form a mono- or polycyclic heterocyclyl that is optionallysubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof oxo, carboxy, and quaternary salts; or wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ togetherwith the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a cyclic ring;and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may be substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; sulfo; oxo; alkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; sulfoalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;carboxy; carboxyalkyl; guanidinyl; —OR¹⁶; NR⁹R¹⁰; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻;—SR¹⁶; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R¹⁶; —CO₂R¹⁶; —CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰;—PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; —P⁹R¹⁰; —PR⁹R¹⁰R¹¹A-; —S⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻; and carbohydrateresidue; and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁹—;—N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁹A⁻-; —PR⁹—; P⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —P(O)R⁹—;phenylene; carbohydrate residue; amino acid residue; peptide residue; orpolypeptide residue; and wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of R⁹ and M; and wherein A⁻ is apharmaceutically acceptable cation and M is a pharmaceuticallyacceptable cation; and R⁴ is R⁵.
 10. A compound of claim 3 wherein: R¹⁹is independently selected from the group consisting of —OR¹³, —NR¹³R¹⁴,—NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴, —OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, and —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴, and wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, andR¹⁵ are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl,polyether, aryl, quaternary heterocycle, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl,quaternary heterocyclylalkyl, alkylheterocyclylalkyl, andalkylammoniumalkyl, wherein alkyl optionally has one or more carbonsreplaced by O or N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A-, and wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are optionallysubstituted with one or more groups selected from the group consistingof hydroxy, carboxy, alkyl, quaternary heterocyclylalkyl, —SR⁹, —S(O)R⁹,—S(O)₂R⁹, —S(O)₃R⁹, —NR⁹R¹⁰, —N⁺R⁹R¹¹R¹²A⁻, —CONR⁹R¹⁰, and—PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷, and wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently selected fromthe group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, heterocyclylalkyl,carboxyalkyl, carboalkoxyalkyl, and carboxyalkylheterocycle; and whereinR¹¹ and R¹² are independently alkyl; and wherein A⁻ is apharmaceutically acceptable anion and M is a pharmaceutically acceptablecation.
 11. A compound of claim 3 wherein: R¹⁹ is independently selectedfrom the group consisting of —OR¹³, —NR¹³R¹⁴, —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴,—OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, and —NR¹³ SO₂R¹⁴, and wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ areindependently selected from the group consisting of polyether, aryl,quaternary heterocycle, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl, and alkylheterocyclylalkyl, wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵are optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from thegroup consisting of hydroxy, carboxy, alkyl, quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl, —SR⁹, —S(O)R⁹, —S(O)₂R⁹, —S(O)₃R⁹, —NR⁹R¹⁰,—N⁺R⁹R¹¹R¹²A⁻, —CONR⁹R¹⁰, and —PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷ and wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ areindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl,heterocyclylalkyl, carboxyalkyl, carboalkoxyalkyl, andcarboxyalkylheterocycle; and wherein R¹¹ and R¹² are independentlyalkyl; and wherein A⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion and M is apharmaceutically acceptable cation.
 12. A compound of claim 10 whereinR⁵ is:

wherein R¹⁹ is as defined in claim
 10. 13. A compound of claim 10wherein R⁵ is:

wherein R¹⁹ is as defined in claim
 10. 14. A compound of claim 10wherein R¹⁹ is selected from the group consisting of:


15. A compound of claim 3 wherein: j is 2; R^(1A) and R^(1B) areindependently selected from hydrogen and alkyl; and R^(2A) and R^(2B)are independently selected from hydrogen and alkyl.
 16. A compound ofclaim 3 wherein: j is 2; R^(1A) and R^(1B) are hydrogen; and R^(2A) andR^(2B) are independently selected from alkyl.
 17. A compound of claim 3wherein: j is 2; R^(1A) and R^(1B) are hydrogen; and R^(2A) and R^(2B)are independently selected from ethyl, propyl and butyl.
 18. A compoundof claim 3 wherein j is 1 or
 2. 19. A compound of claim 3 wherein j is2.
 20. A compound of claim 3 wherein R^(1A) and R^(1B) are hydrogen. 21.A compound of claim 3 wherein R^(2A) and R^(2B) are independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C₁₋₆alkyl.
 22. Acompound of claim 3 wherein R^(2A) and R^(2B) are independently selectedfrom the group consisting C₁₋₆alkyl.
 23. A compound of claim 3 whereinR^(2A) and R^(2B) are the same alkyl.
 24. A compound of claim 3 whereinR^(2A) and R^(2B) are each n-butyl.
 25. A compound of claim 3 whereinone of R^(2A) and R^(2B) is ethyl and the other of R^(2A) and R^(2B) isn-butyl.
 26. A compound of claim 3 wherein one or more R⁶ areindependently selected from methoxy and dimethylamino.
 27. A compound ofclaim 3 wherein j is 1 or 2; R^(1A) and R^(1B) are hydrogen; R^(2A) andR^(2B) are n-butyl; and one or more R⁶ are independently selected frommethoxy and dimethylamino.
 28. A compound of claim 3 wherein j is 1 or2; R^(1A) and R^(1B) are hydrogen; one of R^(2A) and R^(2B) is ethyl andthe other of R^(2A) and R^(2B) is n-butyl; and one or more R⁶ areindependently selected from methoxy and dimethylamino.
 29. A compound ofclaim 1 corresponding to Formula IA:

wherein: j is 0, 1 or 2; and m is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and R^(1A) and R^(1B)are independently selected from hydrogen and alkyl; and R^(2A) andR^(2B) are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, and aralkyl; or R^(2A) andR^(2B) together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form aC₃₋₇ cycloalkyl group; and R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen, oxo, acyl, thioacyl, and R⁵; and whereinR⁵ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl;alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; —OR⁹; —SR⁹;—S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; and —SO₃R⁹; wherein the R⁵ alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl;alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; and quaternary heterocyclyl radical issubstituted with one or more radicals independently selected from thegroup consisting of halogen; —CN; —NO₂; oxo; alkyl; polyalkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;polyether; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴; —SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³; —SO₂R¹³; —SO₃R¹³;—NR¹³OR¹⁴; —NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —CO₂R³; —OM; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴;—C(O)OM; —COR¹³; —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴; —NR¹³C(O)NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³CO₂R¹⁴; —OC(O)R¹³;—OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹³SOR¹⁴; —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴; —NR³SONR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³SO₂NR¹⁴R¹⁵;—PR¹³R¹⁴; —P(O)R¹³R¹⁴; —P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; —P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; and—N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; and wherein the alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl,hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl,quaternary heterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyethersubstituents of the R⁵ radical optionally may be further substitutedwith one or more radicals selected from the group consisting of —CN;halogen; hydroxy; oxo; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclyl;—OR⁷; —NR⁷R⁸; —SR⁷; —S(O)R⁷; —SO₂R⁷; —SO₃R⁷; —CO₂R⁷; —CONR⁷R⁸;—N⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A-; —P(O)R⁷R⁸; —PR⁷R⁸; —P⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; and —P(O)(OR⁷)OR⁸; andwherein the alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl,alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, quaternary heterocyclyl,arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyether substituents of the R⁵radical optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁷—;—N⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁷A⁻-; —PR⁷—; —P(O)R⁷—; —P⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; orphenylene; and wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen; and alkyl; and wherein R⁹, R¹⁰, and R^(w)are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; alkyl;cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; alkylammoniumalkyl;arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl;carboalkoxyalkyl; carboxyaryl; carboxyheterocyclyl; amino; alkylamino;carboxyalkylamino; alkoxyalkylamino; and acyl; and wherein R¹¹ and R¹²are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; —CN;halogen; oxo; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl;cycloalkyl; cycloalkenyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cyanoalkyl; —OR⁹;—NR⁹R¹⁰; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹; —CO₂R⁹; and —CONR⁹R¹⁰; or R¹¹and R¹² together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form acyclic ring; and wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of hydrogen; alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyether;or wherein R¹³ and R¹⁴ together with the nitrogen atom to which they areattached form a mono- or polycyclic heterocyclyl that is optionallysubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof oxo, carboxy, and quaternary salts; or wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ togetherwith the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a cyclic ring;and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may be substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; sulfo; oxo; alkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; sulfoalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;carboxy; carboxyalkyl; guanidinyl; —OR¹⁶; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻;—SR¹⁶; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R¹⁶; —CO₂R¹⁶; —CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰;—PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; —P⁹R¹⁰; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰R¹¹A⁻; —S⁺R⁹R¹⁰A-; and carbohydrateresidue; and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁹—;—N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁹A⁻-; —PR⁹—; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —P(O)R⁹—;phenylene; carbohydrate residue; amino acid residue; peptide residue; orpolypeptide residue; and wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of R⁹ and M; and wherein A⁻ is apharmaceutically acceptable anion and M is a pharmaceutically acceptablecation; and one or more R⁶ radicals are independently selected from thegroup consisting of R⁵, hydrogen; halogen; —CN; —NO₂; alkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;polyether; acyloxy; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴; —SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³; —S(O)₂R¹³;—SO₃R¹³; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; —NR¹³OR¹⁴; —NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —CO₂R¹³; —OM; —SO₂OM;—SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹⁴C(O)R¹³; —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM; —COR¹³; —OR¹⁸;—S(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹³R¹⁸; —NR¹⁸; R¹⁴; —N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; —PR¹³R¹⁴;—P(O)R¹³R¹⁴; —P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; amino acid residue; peptide residue;polypeptide residue; and carbohydrate residue; wherein the R⁶ alkyl;cycloalkyl; polyalkyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; polyether; acyloxy radicalsoptionally may be further substituted with one or more radicals selectedfrom the group consisting of halogen; —CN; oxo; —OR⁶; —NR⁹R¹⁰;—N⁺R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻; —SR¹⁶; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R¹⁶; —CO₂R¹⁶; —CONR⁹R¹⁰;—SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰; —PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; —P⁹R¹⁰; —P⁺R⁹R¹¹R¹²A⁻; —S⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻; andcarbohydrate residue; and wherein the R⁶ quaternary heterocyclyl radicaloptionally may be substituted with one or more radicals selected fromthe group consisting of halogen; —CN; —NO₂; oxo; alkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; polyether; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴;—SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³; —SO₂R¹³; —SO₃R¹³; —NR¹³OR⁴; —NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —CO₂R¹³; OM;—SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM; —COR¹³; —P(O)R¹³R¹⁴; —P¹³R¹⁴P⁺R¹³ R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; —P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; —N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; dcarbohydrate residue; and wherein the R⁶ radicals comprising carbonoptionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR¹³—;—N¹³R¹⁴A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R¹³A⁻-; —PR¹³—; —P(O)R¹³—; —PR¹³R¹⁴;—P⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻-; phenylene; amino acid residue; peptide residue;polypeptide residue; carbohydrate residue; polyether; or polyalkyl;wherein said phenylene; amino acid residue; peptide residue; polypeptideresidue; carbohydrate residue; and polyalkyl optionally may have one ormore carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁹—; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—;—S⁺R⁹A⁻-; —PR⁹—; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; or —P(O)R⁹—; and wherein R¹⁸ is selectedfrom the group consisting of alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;acyl; alkoxycarbonyl; arylalkoxycarbonyl; andheterocyclylalkoxycarbonyl; and wherein the R¹⁸ alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl;aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; acyl; alkoxycarbonyl; arylalkoxycarbonyl; andheterocyclylalkoxycarbonyl radicals optionally may be substituted withone or more radicals selected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN;NO₂; oxo; —OR⁹; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —N⁺R⁹R¹¹R¹²A⁻; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹;—CO₂R⁹; —CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰; —PR⁹R¹⁰; —P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴;—PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; and —C(O)OM; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,solvate, or prodrug thereof; provided that at least one of R³, R⁴ and R⁶is R⁵; and provided that the R⁵ alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl,and —OR⁹ radicals are not substituted with —O(CH₂)₁₋₄NR′R″R′″ whereinR′, R″ and R′″ are independently selected from hydrogen and alkyl; andprovided that at least one of the following conditions is satisfied: (a)the R⁵ moiety possesses an overall positive charge; and/or (b) the R⁵moiety comprises a quaternary ammonium group or a quaternary amine salt;and/or (c) the R⁵ moiety comprises at least two carboxy groups.
 30. Acompound of claim 29 wherein R⁵ is aryl substituted with one or moreradicals independently selected from the group consisting of halogen;—CN; —NO₂; oxo; alkyl; polyalkyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cycloalkyl;alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl;arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; polyether; —OR¹³; —NR¹³; —SR¹⁴; —S(O)R¹³;—SO₂R¹³; —SO₃ R¹³; —NR¹³OR¹⁴; —NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —CO₂R¹³; —OM; —SO₂OM;—SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM; —COR¹³; —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴;—NR¹³C(O)NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³CO₂R¹⁴; —OC(O)R¹³; —OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹³SOR¹⁴;—NR¹³ SO₂R¹⁴; —NR¹³SONR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³SO₂NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —PR¹³R¹⁴; —P(O)R¹³ R¹⁴;—P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; —P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; and —N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; andwherein the alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl,alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, quaternary heterocyclyl,arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyether substituents of the R⁵ aryloptionally may be further substituted with one or more radicals selectedfrom the group consisting of —CN; halogen; hydroxy; oxo; alkyl;cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; —OR⁷; —NR⁷R⁸; —SR⁷; —S(O)R⁷;—SO₂R⁷; —SO₃R⁷; —CO₂R⁷; —CONR⁷R⁸; —N⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; —P(O)R⁷R⁸; —PR⁷R⁸;—P⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; and —P(O)(R 7)OR⁸; and wherein the alkyl, polyalkyl,haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl,heterocyclyl, quaternary heterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, andpolyether substituents of the R⁵ aryl optionally may have one or morecarbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁷—; —N⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁷A⁻-;—PR⁷—; —P(O)R⁷—; —P⁺R⁷R⁸ A⁻-; or phenylene; and wherein R⁷ and R⁸ areindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; and alkyl;and wherein R⁹, R¹⁰, and R^(w) are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; alkylammoniumalkyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl; carboxyaryl;carboxyheterocyclyl; amino; alkylamino; carboxyalkylamino;alkoxyalkylamino; and acyl; and wherein R¹¹ and R¹² are independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen; —CN; halogen; oxo;alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl;cycloalkyl; cycloalkenyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cyanoalkyl; —OR⁹;—NR⁹R¹⁰; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹; —CO₂R⁹; and —CONR⁹R¹⁰; or R¹¹ andR¹² together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form acyclic ring; and wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of hydrogen; alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyether;or wherein R¹³ and R¹⁴ together with the nitrogen atom to which they areattached form a mono- or polycyclic heterocyclyl that is optionallysubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof oxo, carboxy, and quaternary salts; or wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ togetherwith the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a cyclic ring;and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may be substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; sulfo; oxo; alkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; sulfoalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;carboxy; carboxyalkyl; guanidinyl; OR¹⁶; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻;—SR¹⁶; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R¹⁶—CO₂R¹⁶; —CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰;—PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; —P⁹R¹⁰; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰R¹¹A-; —S⁺R⁹R¹⁰A-; and carbohydrateresidue; and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁹—;—N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁹A⁻-; —PR⁹—; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —P(O)R⁹—;phenylene; carbohydrate residue; amino acid residue; peptide residue; orpolypeptide residue; and wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of R⁹ and M; and wherein A⁻ is apharmaceutically acceptable anion and M is a pharmaceutically acceptablecation.
 31. A compound of claim 30 wherein R⁵ is:

wherein k is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and one or more R¹⁹ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; —NO₂; oxo; alkyl;polyalkyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;polyether; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴; SR¹³; —O₂R¹³; —SO₃R¹³; —NR¹³OR¹⁴;—NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —CO₂R¹³; —OM; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM;—COR¹³; —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴; —NR¹³C(O)NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR³CO₂R¹⁴; —OC(O)R¹³;—OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹³SOR¹⁴; —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴; —NR¹³SONR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³SO₂NR¹⁴R¹⁵;—PR¹³R¹⁴; —P(O)R¹³R¹⁴; —P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; —P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; and—N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; and wherein the R¹⁹ alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl,hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl,quaternary heterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyetherradicals optionally may be further substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of-CN; halogen; hydroxy; oxo; alkyl;cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; —OR⁷; —NR⁷R⁸; —SR⁷; —S(O)R⁷;—SO₂R⁷; —SO₃R⁷; —CO₂R⁷; —CONR⁷R⁸; —N⁺R⁷, R⁸R⁹A-; —P(O)R⁷R⁸; —PR⁷R⁸;—P⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; and —P(O)(OR⁷)OR⁸; and wherein the R¹⁹ alkyl, polyalkyl,haloalkyl, -hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl,heterocyclyl, quaternary heterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, andpolyether radicals optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by—O—; —NR⁷—; —N⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁷A⁻-; —PR⁷—; —P(O)R⁷—;—P⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; or phenylene; and wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen; and alkyl; and whereinR⁹, R¹⁰, and R^(w) are independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl;alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl; carboxyaryl; carboxyheterocyclyl; amino;alkylamino; carboxyalkylamino; alkoxyalkylamino; and acyl; and. whereinR and R¹² are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen; —CN; halogen; oxo; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl;carboalkoxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; cycloalkenyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl;cyanoalkyl; —OR⁹; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹; —CO₂R⁹; and—CONR⁹R¹⁰; or R¹¹ and R¹² together with the carbon atom to which theyare attached form a cyclic ring; and wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ areindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; alkyl;haloalkyl; cycloalkyl; polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl;quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyether;or wherein R¹³ and R¹⁴ together with the nitrogen atom to which they areattached form a mono- or polycyclic heterocyclyl that is optionallysubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof oxo, carboxy, and quaternary salts; or wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ togetherwith the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a cyclic ring;and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may be substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; sulfo; oxo; alkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; sulfoalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;carboxy; carboxyalkyl; guanidinyl; —OR¹⁶; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻;—SR¹⁶; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R¹⁶; —CO₂R¹⁶; CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰;—PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; —P⁹R¹⁰; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰R¹¹A-; —S⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻; and carbohydrateresidue; and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁹—;—N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁹A⁻-; —PR⁹—; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —P(O)R⁹—;phenylene; carbohydrate residue; amino acid residue; peptide residue; orpolypeptide residue; and wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of R⁹ and M; and wherein A⁻ is apharmaceutically acceptable anion and M is a pharmaceutically acceptablecation.
 32. A compound of claim 31 wherein R⁵ is:

wherein R¹⁹ is as defined in claim
 31. 33. A compound of claim 31wherein R⁵ is:

wherein R⁹ is as defined in claim
 31. 34. A compound of claim 31wherein: R³ is R¹³ and R⁴ is selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen and alkyl.
 35. A compound of claim 31 wherein: R³ is selectedfrom the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl; and R⁴ is R⁵.
 36. Acompound of claim 31 wherein: R³ is R⁵; and R⁴ is selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen; oxo; alkyl; cycloalkyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; acyl, thioacyl, and —OR⁹ wherein the R⁴ alkyl; cycloalkyl;aryl; heterocyclyl radical is substituted with one or more radicalsindependently selected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; —NO₂;oxo; alkyl; polyalkyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl;alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; polyether; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴; —SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³; —SO₂R¹³;—SO₃R¹³; NR¹³OR¹⁴ NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —CO₂R¹³; —OM; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴;—C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM; —CO¹³; —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴; —NR¹³C(O)NR¹⁴R¹⁵;—NR¹³CO₂R¹⁴; —OC(O)R¹³; —OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹³SOR¹⁴; —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴;—NR¹³SONR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³SO₂NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —PR¹³R¹⁴; —P(O)R¹³R¹⁴; —P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻;—P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; and —N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R₁₅A⁻; and wherein the alkyl,polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl,heterocyclyl, quaternary heterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, andpolyether substituents of the R⁴ radical optionally may be furthersubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof —CN; halogen; hydroxy; oxo; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl;aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; —OR⁷; —NR⁷R⁸; —SR⁷; —S(O)R; —SO₂R; —SO₃R⁷; —CO₂R⁷;—CONR⁷R⁸; —N⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A-; —P(O)R⁷R⁸; —PR⁷R⁸; —P⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; and —P(O)(R7)OR⁸; and wherein the alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl,cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, quaternaryheterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyether substituentsof the R⁴ radical optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by—O—; —NR⁷—; —N R⁷R⁸A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁷A⁻-; —PR⁷—; —P(O)R⁷—;—P⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; or phenylene; and wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen; and alkyl; and whereinR⁹, R¹⁰, and R^(w) are independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl;alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl; carboxyaryl; carboxyheterocyclyl; amino;alkylamino; carboxyalkylamino; alkoxyalkylamino; and acyl; and whereinR¹¹ and R¹² are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen; —CN; halogen; oxo; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl;carboalkoxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; cycloalkenyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl;cyanoalkyl; —OR⁹; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹; —CO₂R⁹; and—CONR⁹R¹⁰; or R¹¹ and R¹² together with the carbon atom to which theyare attached form a cyclic ring; and wherein R¹³ R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ areindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; alkyl;haloalkyl; cycloalkyl; polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl;quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyether;or wherein R¹³ and R¹⁴ together with the nitrogen atom to which they areattached form a mono- or polycyclic heterocyclyl that is optionallysubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof oxo, carboxy, and quaternary salts; or wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ togetherwith the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a cyclic ring;and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may be substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; sulfo; oxo; alkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; sulfoalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;carboxy; carboxyalkyl; guanidinyl; —OR¹⁶; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻;SR¹⁶; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R¹⁶; —CO₂R¹⁶; —CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰;—PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; —P⁹R¹⁰; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰R¹¹A-; —S⁺R⁹R¹⁰A-; and carbohydrateresidue; and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁹—;—N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁹A⁻-; —PR⁹—; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —P(O)R⁹—;phenylene; carbohydrate residue; amino acid residue; peptide residue; orpolypeptide residue; and wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of R⁹ and M; and wherein A⁻ is apharmaceutically acceptable cation and M is a pharmaceuticallyacceptable cation.
 37. A compound of claim 31 wherein: R³ is selectedfrom the group consisting of hydrogen; oxo; alkyl; cycloalkyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; acyl, thioacyl, and —OR⁹ wherein the R³ alkyl; cycloalkyl;aryl; heterocyclyl radical is substituted with one or more radicalsindependently selected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; —NO₂;oxo; alkyl; polyalkyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl;alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; polyether; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴; —SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³; —SO₂R¹³;—SO₃R¹³; —NR¹³OR¹⁴; —NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —CO₂R¹³; —OM; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴;—C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM; COR¹³; —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴; —NR¹³C(O)NR¹⁴R¹⁵;—NR¹³CO₂R¹⁴; —OC(O)R¹³; —OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹³SOR¹⁴; —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴;—NR¹³SONR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³SO₂NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —PR¹³R¹⁴; —P(O)R¹³R¹⁴; —P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻;—P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; and —N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; and wherein the alkyl,polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl,heterocyclyl, quaternary heterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, andpolyether substituents of the R³ radical optionally may be furthersubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof-CN; halogen; hydroxy; oxo; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclyl;—OR⁷; —NR⁷R⁸; —SR⁷; —S(O)R⁷; —SO₂R⁷; —SO₃R⁷; —CO₂R⁷; —CONR⁷R⁸;—N⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A-; —P(O)R⁷R⁸; —PR⁷R⁸; —P⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; and —P(O)(OR⁷)OR⁸; andwherein the alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl,alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, quaternary heterocyclyl,arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyether substituents of the R³radical optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁷—;—N⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁷A⁻-; —PR⁷—; —P(O)R⁷—; —P⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; orphenylene; and wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen; and alkyl; and wherein R⁹, R¹⁰, and R^(w)are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; alkyl;cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; alkylammoniumalkyl;arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl;carboalkoxyalkyl; carboxyaryl; carboxyheterocyclyl; amino; alkylamino;carboxyalkylamino; alkoxyalkylamino; and acyl; and wherein R¹¹ and R¹²are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; —CN;halogen; oxo; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl;cycloalkyl; cycloalkenyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cyanoalkyl; —OR⁹;—NR⁹R¹⁰; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹;—SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹; —CO₂R⁹; and —CONR⁹R¹⁰; or R¹¹ andR¹² together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form acyclic ring; and wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of hydrogen; alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyether;or wherein R¹³ and R¹⁴ together with the nitrogen atom to which they areattached form a mono- or polycyclic heterocyclyl that is optionallysubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof oxo, carboxy, and quaternary salts; or wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ togetherwith the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a cyclic ring;and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may be substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; sulfo; oxo; alkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; sulfoalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;carboxy; carboxyalkyl; guanidinyl; —OR¹⁶; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻;—SR¹⁶; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R¹⁶; —CO₂R¹⁶; —CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰;—PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; —P⁹R¹⁰; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰R¹¹A⁻; —S⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻; and carbohydrateresidue; and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁹—;—N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁹A⁻-; —PR⁹—; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —P(O)R⁹—;phenylene; carbohydrate residue; amino acid residue; peptide residue; orpolypeptide residue; and wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of R⁹ and M; and wherein A⁻ is apharmaceutically acceptable cation and M is a pharmaceuticallyacceptable cation; and R⁴ is R⁵.
 38. A compound of claim 31 wherein: R¹⁹is independently selected from the group consisting of —OR¹³, —NR¹³R¹⁴,—NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴, —OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, and —NR¹³ SO₂R¹⁴, and wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, andR¹⁵ are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl,polyether, aryl, quaternary heterocycle, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl,quaternary heterocyclylalkyl, alkylheterocyclylalkyl, andalkylammoniumalkyl, wherein alkyl optionally has one or more carbonsreplaced by O or N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A-and wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are optionallysubstituted with one or more groups selected from the group consistingof hydroxy, carboxy, alkyl, quaternary heterocyclylalkyl, —SR⁹, —S(O)R⁹,—S(O)₂R⁹, —S(O)₃R⁹, —NR⁹R¹⁰, —N⁺R⁹R¹¹ R¹²A⁻, —CONR⁹R¹⁰, and—PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷ and wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, carboxyalkyl,carboalkoxyalkyl, and carboxyalkylheterocycle; and wherein R¹¹ and R¹²are independently alkyl; and wherein A⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptableanion and M is a pharmaceutically acceptable cation.
 39. A compound ofclaim 31 wherein: R¹⁹ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of —OR¹³—NR¹³R¹⁴, —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴, —OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, and—NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴ and wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of polyether, aryl, quaternary heterocycle,arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, quaternary heterocyclylalkyl, andalkylheterocyclylalkyl, wherein alkyl optionally has one or more carbonsreplaced by O or N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A-, and wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are optionallysubstituted with one or more groups selected from the group consistingof hydroxy, carboxy, alkyl, quaternary heterocyclylalkyl, —SR⁹, —S(O)R⁹,—S(O)₂R⁹, —S(O)₃R⁹, —NR⁹R¹⁰, —N⁺R⁹R¹¹R¹²A⁻, —CONR⁹R¹⁰ and —PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷,and wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, alkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, carboxyalkyl,carboalkoxyalkyl, and carboxyalkylheterocycle; and wherein R¹¹ and R¹²are independently alkyl; and wherein A⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptableanion and M is a pharmaceutically acceptable cation.
 40. A compound ofclaim 38 wherein R⁵ is:

wherein R¹⁹ is as defined in claim
 38. 41. A compound of claim 38wherein R⁵ is:

wherein R¹⁹ is as defined in claim
 38. 42. A compound of claim 38wherein R¹⁹ is selected from the group consisting of:


43. A compound of claim 38 wherein: j is 2; R^(1A) and R^(1B) areindependently selected from hydrogen and alkyl; and R^(2A) and R^(2B)are independently selected from hydrogen and alkyl.
 44. A compound ofclaim 38 wherein: j is 2; R^(1A) and R^(2A) are hydrogen; and R^(2A) andR^(2B) are independently selected from alkyl.
 45. A compound of claim 38wherein: j is 2; R^(1A) and R^(1B) are hydrogen; and R^(2A) and R^(2B)are independently selected from ethyl, propyl and butyl.
 46. A compoundof claim 38 wherein: j is 2; R^(1A) and R^(1B) are hydrogen; R^(2A) andR^(2B) are independently selected from ethyl, propyl and butyl; R³ isR⁵; and R⁴ is selected from hydrogen and alkyl.
 47. A compound of claim38 wherein: j is 2; R^(1A) and R^(1B) are hydrogen; R^(2A) and R^(2B)are independently selected from ethyl, propyl and butyl; R³ is selectedfrom from hydrogen and alkyl; and R⁴ is R⁵.
 48. A compound of claim 38wherein j is 1 or
 2. 49. A compound of claim 38 wherein j is
 2. 50. Acompound of claim 38 wherein R^(1A) and R^(1B) are hydrogen.
 51. Acompound of claim 38 wherein R^(2A) and R^(2B) are independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C₁₋₆alkyl.
 52. Acompound of claim 38 wherein R^(2A) and R^(2B) are independentlyselected from the group consisting C₁₋₆ alkyl.
 53. A compound of claim38 wherein R^(2A) and R^(2B) are the same alkyl.
 54. A compound of claim38 wherein R^(2A) and R^(2B) are each n-butyl.
 55. A compound of claim38 wherein one of R^(2A) and R^(2B) is ethyl and the other of R^(2A) andR^(2B) is n-butyl.
 56. A compound of claim 38 wherein one or more R⁶ areindependently selected from methoxy and dimethylamino.
 57. A compound ofclaim 38 wherein j is 1 or 2; R^(1A) and R^(1B) are hydrogen; R^(2A) andR^(2B) are n-butyl; and one or more R⁶ are independently selected frommethoxy and dimethylamino.
 58. A compound of claim 38 wherein j is 1 or2; R^(1A) and R^(1B) are hydrogen; one of R^(2A) and R^(2B) is ethyl andthe other of R^(2A) and R^(2B) is n-butyl; and one or more R⁶ areindependently selected from methoxy and dimethylamino.
 59. A compound ofclaim 42 wherein: j is 2; R^(1A) and R^(1B) are independently selectedfrom hydrogen and alkyl; and R^(2A) and R^(2B) are independentlyselected from hydrogen and alkyl.
 60. A compound of claim 42 wherein: jis 2; R^(1A) and R^(1B) are hydrogen; and R^(2A) and R^(2B) areindependently selected from alkyl.
 61. A compound of claim 42 wherein: jis 2; R^(1A) and R^(1B) are hydrogen; and R^(2A) and R^(2B) areindependently selected from ethyl, propyl and butyl.
 62. A compound ofclaim 42 wherein: j is 2; R^(1A) and R^(1B) are hydrogen; R^(2A) andR^(2B) are independently selected from ethyl, propyl and butyl; R³ isR⁵; and R⁴ is selected from hydrogen and alkyl.
 63. A compound of claim42 wherein: j is 2; R^(1A) and R^(1B) are hydrogen; R^(2A) and R^(2B)are independently selected from ethyl, propyl and butyl; R³ is selectedfrom from hydrogen and alkyl; and R⁴ is R⁵.
 64. A compound of claim 42wherein j is 1 or
 2. 65. A compound of claim 42 wherein j is
 2. 66. Acompound of claim 42 wherein R^(1A) and R^(1B) are hydrogen.
 67. Acompound of claim 42 wherein R^(2A) and R^(2B) are independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C₁₋₄alkyl.
 68. Acompound of claim 42 wherein R^(2A) and RB are independently selectedfrom the group consisting C₁₋₆alkyl.
 69. A compound of claim 42 whereinR^(2A) and R^(2B) are the same alkyl.
 70. A compound of claim 42 whereinR^(2A) and R^(2B) are each n-butyl.
 71. A compound of claim 42 whereinone of R^(2A) and R^(2B) is ethyl and the other of R^(2A) and R^(2B) isn-butyl.
 72. A compound of claim 42 wherein one or more R⁶ areindependently selected from methoxy and dimethylamino.
 73. A compound ofclaim 42 wherein j is 1 or 2; R^(1A) and R^(1B) are hydrogen; R^(2A) andR^(2B) are n-butyl; and one or more R⁶ are independently selected frommethoxy and dimethylamino.
 74. A compound of claim 42 wherein j is 1 or2; R^(1A) and R^(1B) are hydrogen; one of R^(2A) and R^(2B) is ethyl andthe other of R^(2A) and R^(2B) is n-butyl; and one or more R⁶ areindependently selected from methoxy and dimethylamino.
 75. A compound ofclaim 1 corresponding to Formula IB:

wherein: j is 0, 1 or 2; and m is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and R^(1A) and R^(1B)are independently selected from hydrogen and alkyl; and R^(2A) andR^(2B) are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, and aralkyl; or R^(2A) andR^(2B) together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form aC₃₋₇ cycloalkyl group; and R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen, oxo, acyl, thioacyl and R⁵; and wherein R⁵is selected from the group consisting of alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl;alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; —OR⁹; —SR⁹;—S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; and —SO₃R⁹; wherein the R alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl;alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; and quaternary heterocyclyl radical issubstituted with one or more radicals independently selected from thegroup consisting of halogen; —CN; —NO₂; oxo; alkyl; polyalkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;polyether; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴; —SR¹³; —S(O)R³; —SO₂R¹³; —SO₃R¹³; —NR¹³OR¹⁴;—NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —CO₂R¹³—OM SO OM; —SO₂NR¹³ R⁴; —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM;—COR¹³; —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴; —NR³C(O)NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³CO₂R¹⁴; —OC(O)R¹³;—OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹³SOR¹⁴; —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴; —NR¹³SONR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³SO₂NR¹⁴R¹⁵;—PR¹³R¹⁴; —P(O)R¹³R¹⁴; —P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A; —P(R¹³)OR¹⁴; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; and—N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵ d wherein the alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl,cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, quaternaryheterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyether substituentsof the R⁵ radical optionally may be further substituted with one or moreradicals selected from the group consisting of —CN; halogen; hydroxy;oxo; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; —OR⁷; —NR⁷R⁸; —SR⁷; —S(O)R⁷;—SO₂R⁷; —SO₃R⁷; —CO₂R⁷; —CONR⁷R⁸; —N⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A-; —P(O)R⁷R⁸; —P⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻;and —P(O)(OR⁷)OR⁸; and wherein the alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl,hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl,quaternary heterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyethersubstituents of the R⁵ radical optionally may have one or more carbonsreplaced by —O—; —NR⁷—; —N⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁷A⁻-; —PR⁷—;—P(O)R⁷—; —P⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; or phenylene; and wherein R⁷ and R⁸ areindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; and alkyl;and wherein R⁹, R¹⁰, and R^(w) are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; alkylammoniumalkyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl; carboxyaryl;carboxyheterocyclyl; amino; alkylamino; carboxyalkylamino;alkoxyalkylamino; and acyl; and wherein R¹¹ and R¹² are independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen; —CN; halogen; oxo;alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl;cycloalkyl; cycloalkenyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cyanoalkyl; —OR⁹;—NR⁹R¹⁰; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹; —CO₂R⁹; and —CONR⁹R¹⁰; or R¹¹and R¹² together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form acyclic ring; and wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of hydrogen; alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyether;or wherein R¹³ and R¹⁴ together with the nitrogen atom to which they areattached form a mono- or polycyclic heterocyclyl that is optionallysubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof oxo, carboxy, and quaternary salts; or wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ togetherwith the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a cyclic ring;and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may be substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; sulfo; oxo; alkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; sulfoalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;carboxy; carboxyalkyl; guanidinyl; —OR¹⁶; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻;—SR¹⁶; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R¹⁶; —CO₂R¹⁶; —CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰;—PO(OR¹)OR¹⁷; —P⁹R¹⁰; —S⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻; and carbohydrate residue; and whereinthe R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl; polyalkyl; alkenyl;alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl;alkylheterocyclylalkyl; alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl;aminocarbonylalkyl; alkylaminocarbonylalkyl;carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyether radicals optionally mayhave one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁹—; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —S—; —SO—;—SO₂—; —S⁺R⁹A⁻-; —PR⁹—; —P R⁹R¹A⁻-; —P(O)R⁹—; phenylene; carbohydrateresidue; amino acid residue; peptide residue; or polypeptide residue;and wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of R⁹ and M; and wherein A⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptableanion and M is a pharmaceutically acceptable cation; and one or more R⁶radicals are independently selected from the group consisting of R⁵,hydrogen; halogen; —CN; —NO₂; alkyl; cycloalkyl; polyalkyl; haloalkyl;hydroxyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; polyether; acyloxy; —OR¹³;—NR¹³R¹⁴; —SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³; —S(O)₂R¹³; —SO₃R¹³; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; —NR¹³OR¹⁴;—NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —CO₂R³; —OM; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹⁴C(O)R¹³; —C(O)NRR¹⁴; —C(O)OM; —COR¹³; OR¹⁴; —S(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹³OR¹⁴;—N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻-; —PR¹³R¹⁴; —P(O)R¹³R¹⁴; —P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; amino acidresidue; peptide residue; polypeptide residue; and carbohydrate residue;wherein the R⁶ alkyl; cycloalkyl; polyalkyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl;alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;polyether; acyloxy radicals optionally may be further substituted withone or more radicals selected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN;oxo; OR¹⁶; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻; —SR¹⁶; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R¹⁶;—CO₂R¹⁶; —CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰; —PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; —P⁹R¹⁰; —P⁺R⁹R¹¹ R¹²A⁻;—S⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻; and carbohydrate residue; and wherein the R⁶ quaternaryheterocyclyl radical optionally may be substituted with one or moreradicals selected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; —NO₂; oxo;alkyl; cycloalkyl; polyalkyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl;aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; polyether; —OR¹³;—NR¹³R¹⁴; —SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³; —SO₂R¹³; —SO₃R¹³; —NR¹³OR¹⁴; —NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵;—CO₂R³; OM; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM; COR¹³;—P(O)R¹³R¹⁴; —P¹³R¹⁴; —PR¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; —P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻;—N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; and carbohydrate residue; and wherein the R⁶ radicalscomprising carbon optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by—O—; —NR¹³—; —N⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R¹³A⁻-; —PR¹³;—P(O)R¹³—; —PR¹³R¹⁴; —P⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻-; phenylene; amino acid residue;peptide residue; polypeptide residue; carbohydrate residue; polyether;or polyalkyl; wherein said phenylene; amino acid residue; peptideresidue; polypeptide residue; carbohydrate residue; and polyalkyloptionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁹—;—N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁹A⁻-; —PR⁹—; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; or —P(O)R⁹—;and wherein R¹⁸ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl; alkenyl;alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; acyl; alkoxycarbonyl; arylalkoxycarbonyl; andheterocyclylalkoxycarbonyl; and wherein the R¹⁸ alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl;aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; acyl; alkoxycarbonyl; arylalkoxycarbonyl; andheterocyclylalkoxycarbonyl radicals optionally may be substituted withone or more radicals selected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN;NO₂; oxo; —OR⁹; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —N⁺R⁹R¹¹R¹²A⁻; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹;—CO₂R⁹; —CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰; —PR⁹R¹⁰; P(OR 3)OR 14;—PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; and —C(O)OM; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,solvate, or prodrug thereof; provided that at least one of R³, R⁴ and R⁶is R⁵; and provided that the R⁵ alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, andheterocyclyl, and —OR⁹ radicals are not substituted with—O(CH₂)₁₋₄NR′R″R′″ wherein R′, R″ and R′″ are independently selectedfrom hydrogen and alkyl; and provided that at least one of the followingconditions is satisfied: (a) the R⁵ moiety possesses an overall positivecharge; (b) the R⁵ moiety comprises a quaternary ammonium group or aquaternary amine salt; and (c) the R⁵ moiety comprises at least twocarboxy groups.
 76. A compound of claim 75 wherein R⁵ is arylsubstituted with one or more radicals independently selected from thegroup consisting of halogen; —CN; —NO₂, oxo; alkyl; polyalkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;polyether; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴; —SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³; —SO₂R¹³; —SO₃R¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴;—NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —CO₂R¹³; —OM; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM;—COR¹³; —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴; —NR¹³C(O)NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³CO₂R¹⁴; —OC(O)R¹³;—OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹³SOR¹⁴; —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴; —NR¹³SONR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³SO₂NR¹⁴R¹⁵;—PR¹³R¹⁴; —P(O)R¹³R¹⁴—P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵ A; —P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A; and—N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; and wherein the alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl,hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl,quaternary heterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyethersubstituents of the R⁵ aryl optionally may be further substituted withone or more radicals selected from the group consisting of —CN; halogen;hydroxy; oxo; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl;arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; —OR⁷; —NR⁷R⁸;—SR⁷; —S(O)R⁷; —SO₂R⁷; —SO₃R⁷; —CO₂R⁷; —CONR⁷R⁸; —N⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; —P(O)R⁷R⁸;—PR⁷R⁸; —P⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; and —P(O)(OR⁷)OR⁸; and wherein the alkyl,polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl,heterocyclyl, quaternary heterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, andpolyether substituents of the R⁵ aryl optionally may have one or morecarbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁷—; —N⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁷A⁻-;—PR⁷—; —P(O)R⁷—; —P⁺R⁷R⁸ A⁻-; or phenylene; wherein R⁷ and R⁸ areindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; and alkyl;wherein R⁹, R¹⁰, and R^(w) are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; alkylammoniumalkyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl; carboxyaryl;carboxyheterocyclyl; amino; alkylamino; carboxyalkylamino;alkoxyalkylamino; and acyl; and wherein R¹¹ and R¹² are independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen; —CN; halogen; oxo;alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl;cycloalkyl; cycloalkenyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cyanoalkyl; —OR⁹;—NR⁹R¹⁰; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹; —CO₂R⁹; and —CONR⁹R¹⁰; or R¹¹and R¹² together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form acyclic ring; and wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of hydrogen; alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyether;or wherein R¹³ and R¹⁴ together with the nitrogen atom to which they areattached form a mono- or polycyclic heterocyclyl that is optionallysubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof oxo, carboxy, and quaternary salts; or wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ togetherwith the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a cyclic ring;and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may be substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; sulfo; oxo; alkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; sulfoalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;carboxy; carboxyalkyl; guanidinyl; —OR¹⁶; —NR⁹R¹⁰; N⁺R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻;—SR¹⁶; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R?; —SO₃R¹⁶; —CO₂R¹⁶; —CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰;—PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; —P⁹R¹⁰—P⁺R⁹R¹⁰R¹¹A⁻; —S⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻; and carbohydrateresidue; and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁹—;—N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁹A⁻-; —PR⁹—; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —P(O)R⁹—;phenylene; carbohydrate residue; amino acid residue; peptide residue; orpolypeptide residue; and wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of R⁹ and M; and wherein A⁻ is apharmaceutically acceptable anion and M is a pharmaceutically acceptablecation.
 77. A compound of claim 76 wherein R⁵ is:

wherein k is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and one or more R¹⁹ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; —NO₂; oxo; alkyl;polyalkyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;polyether; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴; —SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³; —SO₂R¹³; —SO₃R¹³;—NR¹³OR¹⁴—NR¹³NR¹⁵; —CO₂R¹³; —OM; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹; C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴;—C(O)OM; —COR¹³; —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴; —NR¹³C(O)NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³CO₂R¹⁴; —OC(O)R¹³;—OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹³SOR¹⁴; —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴; —NR¹³SONR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³SO₂NR¹⁴R¹⁵;—PR 13R¹⁴; —P(O)R¹³R¹⁴; —P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A-; —P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; and—N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A-; and wherein the R¹⁹ alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl,hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl,quaternary heterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyetherradicals optionally may be further substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of-CN; halogen; hydroxy; oxo; alkyl;cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; —OR⁷; —NR⁷R⁸; —SR⁷; —S(O)R⁷;—SO₂R⁷; —SO₃R⁷; —CO₂R⁷; —CONR⁷R⁸—; —N⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A-; —P(O)R⁷R⁸; —PR⁷R⁸;—P⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; and —P(O)(OR⁷)OR⁸; and wherein the R¹⁹ alkyl, polyalkyl,haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl,heterocyclyl, quaternary heterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, andpolyether radicals optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by—O—; —NR⁷—; —N⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁷A⁻-; —PR⁷—; —P(O)R⁷—;—P⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; or phenylene; and wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen; and alkyl; and whereinR⁹, R¹⁰, and R^(w) are independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl;alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl; carboxyaryl; carboxyheterocyclyl; amino;alkylamino; carboxyalkylamino; alkoxyalkylamino; and acyl; and whereinR¹¹ and R¹² are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen; —CN; halogen; oxo; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl;carboalkoxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; cycloalkenyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl;cyanoalkyl; —OR⁹; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹; —CO₂R⁹;and-CONR⁹R¹⁰; or R¹¹ and R¹² together with the carbon atom to which theyare attached form a cyclic ring; and wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ areindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; alkyl;haloalkyl; cycloalkyl; polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl;quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyether;or wherein R¹³ and R¹⁴ together with the nitrogen atom to which they areattached form a mono- or polycyclic heterocyclyl that is optionallysubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof oxo, carboxy, and quaternary salts; or wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ togetherwith the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a cyclic ring;and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may be substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; sulfo; oxo; alkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; sulfoalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;carboxy; carboxyalkyl; guanidinyl; —OR¹⁶; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻;—SR¹⁶; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R¹⁶; —CO₂R¹⁶; —CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰;—PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹ 7; —P⁹R¹⁰; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰R¹¹A⁻; —S⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻; and carbohydrateresidue; and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁹—;—N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁹A⁻-; —PR⁹—; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —P(O)R⁹—;phenylene; carbohydrate residue; amino acid residue; peptide residue; orpolypeptide residue; and wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of R⁹ and M; and wherein A⁻ is apharmaceutically acceptable anion and M is a pharmaceutically acceptablecation.
 78. A compound of claim 77 wherein R⁵ is:

wherein R¹⁹ is as defined in claim
 77. 79. A compound of claim 77wherein R⁵ is:

wherein R¹⁹ is as defined in claim
 77. 80. A compound of claim 77wherein: R³ is R⁵: and R⁴ is selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen and alkyl.
 81. A compound of claim 77 wherein: R³ is selectedfrom the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl; and R⁴ is R⁵.
 82. Acompound of claim 77 wherein: R³ is R⁵ and R⁴ is selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen; oxo; alkyl; cycloalkyl; aryl; heterocyclyl;acyl, thioacyl, and —OR⁹; wherein the R⁴ alkyl; cycloalkyl; aryl;heterocyclyl radical is substituted with one or more radicalsindependently selected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; —NO₂;oxo; alkyl; polyalkyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl;alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; polyether; —OR 13; —NR¹³ R¹⁴; SR¹³; S(O)R³; —SO₂R¹³;—SO₃R¹³; —NR¹³ 0R⁴; —NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —CO₂R¹³; —OM; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴;—C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM; —COR¹³; —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴; —NR¹³C(O)NR¹⁴R¹⁵;—NR¹³R¹⁴CO₂R¹⁴; —OC(O)R¹³; —OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹³SOR¹⁴; —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴;—NR¹³SONR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³SO₂NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —PR¹³R¹⁴; —P(O)R¹³R¹⁴; —P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A;—P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; and —N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; and wherein the alkyl,polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl,heterocyclyl, quaternary heterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, andpolyether substituents of the R⁴ radical optionally may be furthersubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof-CN; halogen; hydroxy; oxo; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclyl;—OR⁷; —NR⁷R⁸; —SR⁷; —S(O)R⁷; —SO₂R⁷; —SO₃R⁷; —CO₂R⁷; —CONR⁷R⁸;—N⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; —P(O)R⁷R⁸; —PR⁷R⁸; —P⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; and —P(O)(OR⁷)OR⁸; andwherein the alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl,alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, quaternary heterocyclyl,arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyether substituents of the R⁴radical optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁷—;—S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁷A⁻-; —PR⁷—; —P(O)R⁷; P⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; or phenylene; andwherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen; and alkyl; and wherein R⁹, R¹⁰, and R^(w) are independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen; alkyl; cycloalkyl;alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; alkylammoniumalkyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl;carboxyaryl; carboxyheterocyclyl; amino; alkylamino; carboxyalkylamino;alkoxyalkylamino; and acyl; and wherein R¹¹ and R¹² are independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen; —CN; halogen; oxo;alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl;cycloalkyl; cycloalkenyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cyanoalkyl; —OR⁹;—NR⁹R¹⁰; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹; —CO₂R⁹; and —CONR⁹R¹⁰; or R¹¹and R¹² together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form acyclic ring; and wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of hydrogen; alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyether;or wherein R¹³ and R¹⁴ together with the nitrogen atom to which they areattached form a mono- or polycyclic heterocyclyl that is optionallysubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof oxo, carboxy, and quaternary salts; or wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ togetherwith the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a cyclic ring;and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may be substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; sulfo; oxo; alkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; sulfoalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;carboxy; carboxyalkyl; guanidinyl; —OR¹⁶; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻;—SR¹⁶; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R¹⁶; —CO₂R¹⁶; —CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰;—PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; —P⁹R¹⁰—P⁺R⁹R¹⁰ R¹¹A⁻; —SR⁹R¹⁰A⁻; and carbohydrateresidue; and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁹—;—N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁹A⁻-; —PR⁹—; —P⁺R⁹R¹A⁻-; —P(O)R⁹—;phenylene; carbohydrate residue; amino acid residue; peptide residue; orpolypeptide residue; and wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of R⁹ and M; and wherein A⁻ is apharmaceutically acceptable cation and M is a pharmaceuticallyacceptable cation.
 83. A compound of claim 77 wherein: R³ is selectedfrom the group consisting of hydrogen; oxo; alkyl; cycloalkyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; acyl, thioacyl, and —OR⁹; wherein the R³ alkyl;cycloalkyl; aryl; heterocyclyl radical is substituted with one or moreradicals independently selected from the group consisting of halogen;—CN; —NO₂; oxo; alkyl; polyalkyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cycloalkyl;alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl;arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; polyether; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴; —SR¹³;—S(O)R¹³; —SO₂R¹³; —SO₃R¹³; —NR¹³OR¹⁴; —NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —CO₂R¹³; —OM;—SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM; —COR¹³; —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴;—NR¹³C(O)NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³CO₂R¹⁴; —OC(O)R¹³; —OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹³SOR¹⁴;—NR³SO₂R¹⁴; —NR¹³SONR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³SO₂NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —PR¹³R¹⁴; —P(O)R¹³R¹⁴;—P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; —P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; and —N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; andwherein the alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl,alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, quaternary heterocyclyl,arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyether substituents of the R³radical optionally may be further substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of —CN; halogen; hydroxy; oxo; alkyl;cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; —OR⁷; —NR⁷R⁸; —SR⁷;—S(O)R⁷—SO₂R⁷; —SO₃R⁷; —CO₂R⁷; —CONR⁷R⁸; —N⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A-; —P(O)R⁷R⁸; —PR⁷R⁸;—P⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; and —P(O)(OR⁷)OR⁸ and wherein the alkyl, polyalkyl,haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl,heterocyclyl, quaternary heterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, andpolyether substituents of the R³ radical optionally may have one or morecarbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁷—; —N⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁷A⁻-;—PR⁷—; —P(O)R⁷—; —P⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; or phenylene; and wherein R⁷ and R⁸ areindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; and alkyl;and wherein R⁹, R¹⁰, and R^(w) are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; alkylammoniumalkyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl; carboxyaryl;carboxyheterocyclyl; amino; alkylamino; carboxyalkylamino;alkoxyalkylamino; and acyl; and wherein R¹¹ and R¹² are independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen; —CN; halogen; oxo;alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl;cycloalkyl; cycloalkenyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cyanoalkyl; —OR⁹;—NR⁹R¹⁰; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹; —CO₂R⁹; and —CONR⁹R¹⁰; or R¹¹and R¹² together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form acyclic ring; and wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of hydrogen; alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyether;or wherein R¹³ and R¹⁴ together with the nitrogen atom to which they areattached form a mono- or polycyclic heterocyclyl that is optionallysubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof oxo, carboxy, and quaternary salts; or wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ togetherwith the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a cyclic ring;and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may be substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; sulfo; oxo; alkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; sulfoalkyl; alkenyl; alknyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;carboxy; carboxyalkyl; guanidinyl; —OR⁶; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻; —SR⁶;—S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃ ¹⁶; —CO₂R¹⁶; —CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰; —PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷;—P⁺R⁹R¹⁰R¹¹A⁻; —S⁺R⁹R¹⁰A-; and carbohydrate residue; and wherein theR¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl; polyalkyl; alkenyl;alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl;alkylheterocyclylalkyl; alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl;aminocarbonylalkyl; alkylaminocarbonylalkyl;carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyether radicals optionally mayhave one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁹—; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —S—; —SO—;—SO₂—; —S⁺R⁹A⁻-; —PR⁹—; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —P(O)R⁹—; phenylene; carbohydrateresidue; amino acid residue; peptide residue; or polypeptide residue;and wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of R⁹ and M; and wherein A⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptablecation and M is a pharmaceutically acceptable cation; and R⁴ is R⁵. 84.A compound of claim 77 wherein: R¹⁹ is independently selected from thegroup consisting of —OR¹³, —NR¹³R¹⁴, NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴, —OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, and—NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴ and wherein R¹³ R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are independently selected fromthe group consisting of alkyl, polyether, aryl, quaternary heterocycle,arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, quaternary heterocyclylalkyl,alkylheterocyclylalkyl, and alkylammoniumalkyl, wherein alkyl optionallyhas one or more carbons replaced by O or N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A-, and wherein R¹³,R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are optionally substituted with one or more groups selectedfrom the group consisting of hydroxy, carboxy, alkyl, quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl, —SR⁹, —S(O)R⁹, —S(O)₂R⁹, —S(O)₃R⁹, —NR⁹R¹⁰,—N⁺R⁹R¹¹R¹²A⁻, —CONR⁹R¹⁰, and —PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷, and wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ areindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl,heterocyclylalkyl, carboxyalkyl, carboalkoxyalkyl, andcarboxyalkylheterocycle; and wherein R¹¹ and R¹² are independentlyalkyl; and wherein A⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion and M is apharmaceutically acceptable cation.
 85. A compound of claim 77 wherein:R¹⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of, —NR¹³R¹⁴,—NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴, —OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, and —NR¹³SO²R⁴ and wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, andR¹⁵ are independently selected from the group consisting of polyether,aryl, quaternary heterocycle, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl, and alkylheterocyclylalkyl, wherein alkyl optionallyhas one or more carbons replaced by O or N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A-, and wherein R¹³,R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are optionally substituted with one or more groups selectedfrom the group consisting of hydroxy, carboxy, alkyl, quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl, —SR⁹, —S(O)R⁹, —S(O)₂R⁹, —S(O)₃R⁹, —NR⁹R¹⁰,—N⁺R⁹R¹¹R¹²A⁻, —CONR⁹R¹⁰, and —PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷, and wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ areindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl,heterocyclylalkyl, carboxyalkyl, carboalkoxyalkyl, andcarboxyalkylheterocycle; and wherein R¹¹ and R¹² are independentlyalkyl; and wherein A⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion and M is apharmaceutically acceptable cation.
 86. A compound of claim 84 whereinR⁵ is:

wherein R¹⁹ is as defined in claim
 84. 87. A compound of claim 84wherein R⁵ is:

wherein R¹⁹ is as defined in claim
 84. 88. A compound of claim 84wherein R¹⁹ is selected from the group consisting


89. A compound of claim 84 wherein: j is 2; — R^(1A) and R^(1B) areindependently selected from hydrogen and alkyl; and R^(2A) and R^(2B)are independently selected from hydrogen and alkyl.
 90. A compound ofclaim 84 wherein: j is 2; R^(1A) and R^(1B) are hydrogen; and R^(2A) andR^(2B) are independently selected from alkyl.
 91. A compound of claim 84wherein: j is 2; R^(1A) and R^(1B) are hydrogen; and R^(2A) and R^(2B)are independently selected from ethyl, propyl and butyl.
 92. A compoundof claim 84 wherein: j is 2; R^(1A) and R^(1B) are hydrogen; R^(2A) andR^(2B) are independently selected from ethyl, propyl and butyl; R³ isR⁵; and R⁴ is selected from hydrogen and alkyl.
 93. A compound of claim84 wherein: j is 2; R^(1A) and R^(1B) are hydrogen; R^(2A) and R^(2B)are independently selected from ethyl, propyl and butyl; R³ is selectedfrom from hydrogen and alkyl; and R⁴ is R⁵.
 94. A compound of claim 84wherein j is 1 or
 2. 95. A compound of claim 84 wherein j is
 2. 96. Acompound of claim 84 wherein R^(1A) and R^(1B) are hydrogen.
 97. Acompound of claim 84 wherein R^(2A) and R^(2B) are independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C₁₋₆alkyl.
 98. Acompound of claim 84 wherein R^(2A) and R^(2B) are independentlyselected from the group consisting C₁₋₆alkyl.
 99. A compound of claim 84wherein R^(2A) and R^(2B) are the same alkyl.
 100. A compound of claim84 wherein R^(2A) and R^(2B) are each n-butyl.
 101. A compound of claim84 wherein one of R^(2A) and R^(2B) is ethyl and the other of R^(2A) andR^(2B) is n-butyl.
 102. A compound of claim 84 wherein one or more R⁶are independently selected from methoxy and dimethylamino.
 103. Acompound of claim 84 wherein j is 1 or 2; R^(1B) and R^(1B) arehydrogen; R^(2A) and R^(2B) are n-butyl; and one or more R⁶ areindependently selected from methoxy and dimethylamino.
 104. A compoundof claim 84 wherein j is 1 or 2; R^(1A) and R^(1B) are hydrogen; one ofR^(2A) and R^(2B) is ethyl and the other of R^(2A) and R^(2B) isn-butyl; and one or more R⁶ are independently selected from methoxy anddimethylamino.
 105. A compound of claim 88 wherein: j is 2; R^(1A) andR^(1B) are independently selected from hydrogen and alkyl; and R^(2A)and R^(2B) are independently selected from hydrogen and alkyl.
 106. Acompound of claim 88 wherein: j is 2; R^(1A) and R^(1B) are hydrogen;and R^(2A) and R^(2B) are independently selected from alkyl.
 107. Acompound of claim 88 wherein: j is 2; R^(1A) and R^(1B) are hydrogen;and R^(2A) and R^(2B) are independently selected from ethyl, propyl andbutyl.
 108. A compound of claim 88 wherein: j is 2; R^(1A) and R^(1B)are hydrogen; R^(2A) and R^(2B) are independently selected from ethyl,propyl and butyl; R³ is R⁵; and R⁴ is selected from hydrogen and alkyl.109. A compound of claim 88 wherein: j is 2; R^(1A) and R^(1B) arehydrogen; R^(2A) and R^(2B) are independently selected from ethyl,propyl and butyl; R³ is selected from from hydrogen and alkyl; and R⁴ isR⁵.
 110. A compound of claim 88 wherein j is 1 or
 2. 111. A compound ofclaim 88 wherein j is
 2. 112. A compound of claim 88 wherein R^(1A) andR^(1B) are hydrogen.
 113. A compound of claim 88 wherein R^(2A) andR^(2B) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogenand C₁₋₆alkyl.
 114. A compound of claim 88 wherein R^(2A) and R^(2B) areindependently selected from the group consisting C₁₋₆alkyl.
 115. Acompound of claim 88 wherein R^(2A) and R^(2B) are the same alkyl. 116.A compound of claim 88 wherein R^(2A) and R^(2B) are each n-butyl. 117.A compound of claim 88 wherein one of R^(2A) and R^(2B) is ethyl and theother of R^(1A) and R^(2B) is n-butyl.
 118. A compound of claim 88wherein one or more R⁶ are independently selected from methoxy anddimethylamino.
 119. A compound of claim 88 wherein j is 1 or 2; R^(1A)and R^(1B) are hydrogen; R^(2A) and R^(2B) are n-butyl; and one or moreR⁶ are independently selected from methoxy and dimethylamino.
 120. Acompound of claim 88 wherein j is 1 or 2; R^(1A) and R^(1B) arehydrogen; one of R^(2A) and R^(2B) is ethyl and the other of R^(2A) andR^(2B) is n-butyl; and one or more R⁶ are independently selected frommethoxy and dimethylamino.
 121. A compound of Formula III:

wherein: R^(2C) and R^(2D) are independently selected from C₁₋₆alkyl;and R²⁰ is selected from the group consisting of halogen and R²³; R²¹ isselected from the group consisting of hydroxy, alkoxy, and R²³; andwherein R²³ is aryl substituted with one or more radicals independentlyselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; —NO₂; oxo; alkyl;polyalkyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;polyether; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴; —SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³; —SO₂R¹³; —SO₃R¹³;—NR¹³OR¹⁴; NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —CO₂R¹³; —OM; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴;—C(O)OM; —COR¹³; —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴; —NR¹³C(O)NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³ CO₂R¹⁴;—OC(O)R¹³; —OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹³SOR¹⁴; —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴; —NR¹³SONR¹⁴R¹⁵;—NR¹³SO₂NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —PR¹³R¹⁴; —P(O)R¹³R¹⁴; —P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; —P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴;—S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; and —N⁺R 13_(R)14_(R)15_(A) _(⁻) ; and wherein the alkyl,polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl,heterocyclyl, quaternary heterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, andpolyether substituents of the R²³ aryl optionally may be furthersubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof-CN; halogen; hydroxy; oxo; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclyl;—OR⁷; —NR⁷R⁸; —SR⁷; —S(O)R⁷; —SO₂R⁷; —SO₃R⁷; —CO₂R⁷—CONR⁷R⁸;—N⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A-; —P(O)R⁷R⁸; —PR⁷R⁸; —P⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; and —P(O)(OR⁷)OR⁸; andwherein the alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl,alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, quaternary heterocyclyl,arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyether substituents of the R²³ aryloptionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁷—;—N⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁷A⁻-; —PR⁷—; —P(O)R⁷—; —P⁺R⁷R⁸ A⁻-; orphenylene; and wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen; and alkyl; and wherein R⁹, R¹⁰, and R^(w)are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; alkyl;cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; alkylammoniumalkyl;arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl;carboalkoxyalkyl; carboxyaryl; carboxyheterocyclyl; amino; alkylamino;carboxyalkylamino; alkoxyalkylamino; and acyl; and wherein R¹¹ and R¹²are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; —CN;halogen; oxo; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl;cycloalkyl; cycloalkenyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cyanoalkyl; —OR⁹;—NR⁹R¹⁰; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹; —CO₂R⁹; and —CONR⁹R¹⁰; or R¹¹and R¹² together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form acyclic ring; and wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of hydrogen; alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyether;or wherein R¹³ and R¹⁴ together with the nitrogen atom to which they areattached form a mono- or polycyclic heterocyclyl that is optionallysubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof oxo, carboxy, and quaternary salts; or wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ togetherwith the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a cyclic ring;and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may be substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; sulfo; oxo; alkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; sulfoalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;carboxy; carboxyalkyl; guanidinyl; —OR¹⁶; —NR⁹RO; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻;—SR¹⁶; S(O)R⁹ SO²R⁹ SO³R¹⁶; —CO₂R¹⁶; —CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰;—PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; —P⁹R¹⁰—P⁺R⁹R¹⁰R¹¹A⁻; —S⁺R⁹R¹⁰A-; and carbohydrateresidue; and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—;—NR⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁹A⁻-; —PR⁹—; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —P(O)R⁹—;phenylene; carbohydrate residue; amino acid residue; peptide residue; orpolypeptide residue; and wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of R⁹ and M; and wherein A⁻ is apharmaceutically acceptable anion and M is a pharmaceutically acceptablecation; and R²² is unsubstituted phenyl or R²³; or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; provided that at least oneof R²⁰, R²¹ and R²² is R²³.
 122. A compound of claim 121 wherein R²³ is:

wherein p is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and one or more R²⁴ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; —NO₂; oxo; alkyl;polyalkyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;polyether; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴; —SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³; SO₂R¹³-SO₃R 3 NR¹³OR¹⁴;—NR¹³NR¹¹⁵; —CO₂R³; —OM; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR R¹⁴—C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM;—COR¹³; —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴; —NR¹³C(O)NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³CO₂R¹⁴; —OC(O)R¹³;—OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹³SOR¹⁴; —NR¹³SO₂R⁴; —NR³SONR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³SO₂NR¹⁴R¹⁵;—PR¹³R¹⁴; —P(O)R¹³R¹⁴; —P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; —P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴—S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; and—N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; and wherein the R²⁴ alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl,hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl,quaternary heterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyetherradicals optionally may be further substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of-CN; halogen; hydroxy; oxo; alkyl;cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; —OR⁷; —NR⁷R⁸; —SR⁷; —S(O)R⁷;—SO₂R⁷; —SO₃R⁷; —CO₂R⁷; —CONR⁷R⁸; —N⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A-; —P(O)R⁷R⁸; —PR⁷R⁸;—P⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; and —P(O)(OR⁷)OR⁸; and wherein the R²⁴ alkyl, polyalkyl,haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl,heterocyclyl, quaternary heterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, andpolyether radicals optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by—O—; —NR⁷—; —N⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁷A⁻-; —PR⁷—; —P(O)R⁷—;—P⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; or phenylene; and wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen; and alkyl; and whereinR⁹, R¹⁰, and R^(w) are independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl;alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl; carboxyaryl; carboxyheterocyclyl; amino;alkylamino; carboxyalkylamino; alkoxyalkylamino; and acyl; and whereinR¹¹ and R¹² are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen; —CN; halogen; oxo; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl;carboalkoxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; cycloalkenyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl;cyanoalkyl; —OR⁹; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹; —CO₂R⁹; and—CONR⁹R¹⁰; or R¹¹ and R¹² together with the carbon atom to which theyare attached form a cyclic ring; and wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ areindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; alkyl;haloalkyl; cycloalkyl; polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl;quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyether;or wherein R¹³ and R¹⁴ together with the nitrogen atom to which they areattached form a mono- or polycyclic heterocyclyl that is optionallysubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof oxo, carboxy, and quaternary salts; or wherein R 14 and R¹⁵ togetherwith the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a cyclic ring;and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may be substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; sulfo; oxo; alkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; sulfoalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;carboxy; carboxyalkyl; guanidinyl; —OR¹⁶; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻;—SR¹⁶; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R; —SO₃R¹⁶; —CO₂R¹⁶; —CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰;—PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; —P⁹R¹⁰; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰R¹¹A-; S⁺R⁹R¹⁰A-; and carbohydrateresidue; and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl-arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl; alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl;aminocarbonylalkyl; alkylaminocarbonylalkyl;carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyether radicals optionally mayhave one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁹—; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —S—; —SO—;—SO₂—; —S⁺R⁹A⁻-; —PR⁹—P⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —P(O)R⁹—; phenylene; carbohydrateresidue; amino acid residue; peptide residue; or polypeptide residue;and wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of R⁹ and M; and wherein A⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptableanion and M is a pharmaceutically acceptable cation.
 123. A compound ofclaim 122 wherein R²³ is:

wherein R²⁴ is as defined in claim
 122. 124. A compound of claim 122wherein R²³ is:

wherein R²⁴ is as defined in claim
 122. 125. A compound of claim 122wherein: R²⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of—OR¹³, —NR¹³R¹⁴, —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴, —OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, and —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴, andwherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of alkyl, polyether, aryl, quaternary heterocycle, arylalkyl,heterocyclylalkyl, quaternary heterocyclylalkyl, alkylheterocyclylalkyl,and alkylammoniumalkyl, wherein alkyl optionally has one or more carbonsreplaced by O or N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A-, and wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are optionallysubstituted with one or more groups selected from the group consistingof hydroxy, carboxy, alkyl, quaternary heterocyclylalkyl, —SR⁹, —S(O)R⁹,—S(O)₂R⁹, —S(O)₃R⁹, —NR⁹R¹⁰, —N⁺R⁹R¹¹R¹²A⁻, —CONR⁹R¹⁰, and—PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷, and wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently selected fromthe group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, heterocyclylalkyl,carboxyalkyl, carboalkoxyalkyl, and carboxyalkylheterocycle; and whereinR¹¹ and R¹² are independently alkyl; and wherein A⁻ is apharmaceutically acceptable anion and M is a pharmaceutically acceptablecation.
 126. A compound of claim 125 wherein R²³ is:

wherein R is as defined in claim
 125. 127. A compound of claim 125wherein R²³ is:

wherein R²⁴ is as defined in claim
 125. 128. A compound of claim 125wherein R²⁴ is selected from the group consisting of:


129. A compound of claim 122 wherein: R^(2C) and R^(2D) areindependently selected from ethyl and n-butyl; R²⁰ is chloro; and R²¹ isselected from the group consisting of hydroxy and methoxy.
 130. Acompound of claim 122 wherein: R^(2C) and R^(2D) are n-butyl; R²⁰ ischloro; and R²¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy andmethoxy.
 131. A compound of claim 122 wherein: one of R^(2C) and R^(2D)is ethyl and the other of R^(2C) and R^(2D) is n-butyl; R²⁰ is chloro;and R²¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy and methoxy.132. A compound of claim 122 wherein R^(2C) and R^(2D) are the samealkyl.
 133. A compound of claim 122 wherein R^(2C) and R^(2D) are eachn-butyl.
 134. A compound of claim 122 wherein one of R^(2C) and R^(2D)is ethyl and the other of R^(2C) and R^(2D) is n-butyl.
 135. A compoundof claim 125 wherein: R^(2C) and R^(2D) are independently selected fromethyl and n-butyl; R²⁰ is chloro; and R²¹ is selected from the groupconsisting of hydroxy and methoxy.
 136. A compound of claim 125 wherein:R^(2C) and R^(2D) are n-butyl; R²⁰ is chloro; and R²¹ is selected fromthe group consisting of hydroxy and methoxy.
 137. A compound of claim125 wherein: one of R^(2C) and R^(2D) is ethyl and the other of R^(2C)and R^(2D) is n-butyl; R²⁰ is chloro; and R²¹ is selected from the groupconsisting of hydroxy and methoxy.
 138. A compound of claim 125 whereinR^(2C) and R^(2D) are the same alkyl.
 139. A compound of claim 125wherein R^(2C) and R^(2D) are each n-butyl.
 140. A compound of claim 125wherein one of R^(2C) and R^(2D) is ethyl and the other of R^(2C) andR^(2D) is n-butyl.
 141. A compound of Formula V:

wherein: R^(2E) and R^(2F) are independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl;and R²⁵ and R²⁶ are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, alkoxy, and R²⁸; wherein R²⁸ is aryl substituted with one ormore radicals independently selected from the group consisting ofhalogen; —CN; —NO₂; oxo; alkyl; polyalkyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl;cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; polyether; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴;—SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³; —SO₂R¹³; —SO₃R¹³; —NR¹³OR¹⁴; —NR¹³NR⁴R⁵; —CO₂R³; —OM;—SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM; —COR¹³; —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴;—NR¹³C(O)NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³CO₂R¹⁴; —OC(O)R¹³; —OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹³SOR¹⁴;—NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴; —NR¹³SONR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³SO₂NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —PR¹³R¹⁴; —P(O)R¹³R¹⁴;—P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; —P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; and —N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; andwherein the alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl,alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, quaternary heterocyclyl,arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyether substituents of the R²⁸ aryloptionally may be further substituted with one or more radicals selectedfrom the group consisting of-CN; halogen; hydroxy; oxo; alkyl;cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; —OR⁷; —NR⁷R⁸; —SR⁷; —S(O)R⁷;—SO₂R⁷; —SO₃R⁷; —CO₂R⁷; —CONR⁷R⁷; —N⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A-; —P(O)R⁷R⁸; —P⁺R⁷R⁸;—P⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; —P(O)(OR⁷)OR⁸; and wherein the alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl,hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl,quaternary heterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyethersubstituents of the R²⁸ aryl optionally may have one or more carbonsreplaced by —O—; —NR⁷—; —N⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁷A⁻-; —PR⁷—;—P(O)R⁷—; —P⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; or phenylene; and wherein R⁷ and R⁸ areindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; and alkyl;and wherein R⁹, R¹⁰, and R^(w) are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; alkylammoniumalkyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl; carboxyaryl;carboxyheterocyclyl; amino; alkylamino; carboxyalkylamino;alkoxyalkylamino; and acyl; and wherein R¹¹ and R¹² are independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen; —CN; halogen; oxo;alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl;cycloalkyl; cycloalkenyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cyanoalkyl; —OR⁹;—NR⁹R¹⁰; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹; —CO₂R⁹; and-CONR⁹R¹⁰; or R¹¹ andR¹² together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form acyclic ring; and wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of hydrogen; alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyether;or wherein R¹³ and R¹⁴ together with the nitrogen atom to which they areattached form a mono- or polycyclic heterocyclyl that is optionallysubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof oxo, carboxy, and quaternary salts; or wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ togetherwith the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a cyclic ring;and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may be substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; sulfo; oxo; alkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; sulfoalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;carboxy; carboxyalkyl; guanidinyl; —OR¹⁶; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻;—SR¹⁶; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R¹⁶; —CO₂R¹⁶; —CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰;—PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; —P⁹R¹⁰; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰R¹¹A-; —S⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻; and carbohydrateresidue; and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁹—;—N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁹A⁻-; —PR⁹—; —P⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —P(O)₉—;phenylene; carbohydrate residue; amino acid residue; peptide residue; orpolypeptide residue; and wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of R⁹ and M; and wherein A⁻ is apharmaceutically acceptable anion and M is a pharmaceutically acceptablecation; and R²⁷ is unsubstituted phenyl or R²⁸; or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; provided that at least oneof R²⁵, R²⁶ and R²⁷ is R²⁸.
 142. A compound of claim 141 wherein R²⁸ is:

wherein r is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and one or more R²⁹ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; —NO₂; oxo; alkyl;polyalkyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;polyether; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴; —SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³; —SO₂R¹³; —SO₃R¹³;—NR¹³OR¹⁴; —NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —CO₂R³; —OM; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴;—C(O)OM; —COR¹³; —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴; —NR¹³C(O)NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³CO₂R¹⁴; —OC(O)R¹³;—OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹³SOR¹⁴; —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴; —NR¹³SONR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³SO₂NR¹⁴R¹⁵;—PR¹³R¹⁴; —P(O)R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; —P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; and—N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; and wherein the R²⁹ alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl,hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl,quaternary heterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyetherradicals optionally may be further substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of-CN; halogen; hydroxy; oxo; alkyl;cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; —OR⁷; —NR⁷R⁸; —SR⁷; —S(O)R⁷;—SO₂R⁷; —SO₃R⁷; —CO₂R⁷; —CONR⁷R⁸—N⁺R⁷ R⁸R⁹A⁻; —P(O)R⁷R⁸; —PR⁷R⁸;—P⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; and —P(O)(OR⁷)OR⁸; and wherein the R²⁹ alkyl, polyalkyl,haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl,heterocyclyl, quaternary heterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, andpolyether radicals optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by—O—; —NR⁷—; —N⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁷A⁻-; —PR⁷—; —P(O)R⁷—;—P⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; or phenylene; and wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen; and alkyl; and whereinR⁹, R¹⁰, and R^(w) are independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl;alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl; carboxyaryl; carboxyheterocyclyl; amino;alkylamino; carboxyalkylamino; alkoxyalkylamino; and acyl; and whereinR¹¹ and R¹² are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen; —CN; halogen; oxo; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl;carboalkoxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; cycloalkenyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl;cyanoalkyl; —OR⁹; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹, —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹; —CO₂R⁹; and—CONR⁹R¹⁰; or R¹¹ and R¹² together with the carbon atom to which theyare attached form a cyclic ring; and wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ areindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; alkyl;haloalkyl; cycloalkyl; polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl;quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyether;or wherein R¹³ and R¹⁴ together with the nitrogen atom to which they areattached form a mono- or polycyclic heterocyclyl that is optionallysubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof oxo, carboxy, and quaternary salts; or wherein R¹⁴ and R togetherwith the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a cyclic ring;and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkyl heterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may be substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; sulfo; oxo; alkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; sulfoalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;carboxy; carboxyalkyl; guanidinyl; OR¹⁶; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻;—SR¹⁶; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R¹⁶; —CO₂R¹⁶; —CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰;—PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰R¹¹A-; —S⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻; and carbohydrate residue; andwherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl; polyalkyl;alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl;arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl; alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl;aminocarbonylalkyl; alkylaminocarbonylalkyl;carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyether radicals optionally mayhave one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁹—; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —S—; —SO—;—SO₂—; —S⁺R⁹A⁻-; —PR⁹—; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —P(O)R⁹—; phenylene; carbohydrateresidue; amino acid residue; peptide residue; or polypeptide residue;and wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of R⁹ and M; and wherein A⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptableanion and M is a pharmaceutically acceptable cation.
 143. A compound ofclaim 142 wherein R²⁸ is:

wherein R²⁹ is as defined in claim
 142. 144. A compound of claim 142wherein R is:

wherein R²⁹ is as defined in claim
 142. 145. A compound of claim 142wherein: R²⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of—OR¹³, —NR¹³R¹⁴ NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴, —OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, and —NR³SO₂R¹⁴, and whereinR¹³, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are independently selected from the group consisting ofalkyl, polyether, aryl, quaternary heterocycle, arylalkyl,heterocyclylalkyl, quaternary heterocyclylalkyl, alkylheterocyclylalkyl,and alkylammoniumalkyl, wherein alkyl optionally has one or more carbonsreplaced by O or N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A-, and wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are optionallysubstituted with one or more groups selected from the group consistingof hydroxy, carboxy, alkyl, quaternary heterocyclylalkyl, —SR⁹, —S(O)R⁹,—S(O)₂R⁹, —S(O)₃R⁹, —NR⁹R¹⁰, —N⁺R⁹R¹¹R¹²A⁻, CONR⁹R¹⁰, and —PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷,and wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, alkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, carboxyalkyl,carboalkoxyalkyl, and carboxyalkylheterocycle; and wherein R¹¹ and R¹²are independently alkyl; and wherein A⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptableanion and M is a pharmaceutically acceptable cation.
 146. A compound ofclaim 145 wherein R²⁸ is:

wherein R²⁹ is as defined in claim
 145. 147. A compound of claim 145wherein R²⁸ is:

wherein R²⁹ is as defined in claim
 145. 148. A compound of claim 145wherein R²⁹ is selected from the group consisting of:


149. A compound of claim 142 wherein: R^(2E) and R^(2F) areindependently selected from ethyl and n-butyl; and R²⁵ and R²⁶ areindependently selected from hydrogen and methoxy.
 150. A compound ofclaim 142 wherein: R^(2E) and R^(2F) are n-butyl; and R²⁵ and R²⁶ areindependently selected from hydrogen and methoxy.
 151. A compound ofclaim 142 wherein: one of R^(2E) and R^(2F) is ethyl and the other ofR^(2E) and R^(2F) is n-butyl; and R²⁵ and R²⁶ are independently selectedfrom hydrogen and methoxy.
 152. A compound of claim 142 wherein R²E. andR^(2F) are the same alkyl.
 153. A compound of claim 142 wherein R^(2E)and R^(2F) are each n-butyl.
 154. A compound of claim 142 wherein one ofR^(2E) and R^(2F) is ethyl and the other of R^(2E) and R^(2F) isn-butyl.
 155. A compound of claim 145 wherein: R^(2E) and R^(2F) areindependently selected from ethyl and n-butyl; and R²⁵ and R²⁶ areindependently selected from hydrogen and methoxy.
 156. A compound ofclaim 145 wherein: R^(2E) and R^(2F) are n-butyl; and R²⁵ and R²⁶ areindependently selected from hydrogen and methoxy.
 157. A compound ofclaim 145 wherein: one of R^(2E) and R^(2F) is ethyl and the other ofR^(2E) and R^(2F) is n-butyl; and R²⁵ and R²⁶ are independently selectedfrom hydrogen and methoxy.
 158. A compound of claim 145 wherein R^(2E)and R^(2F) are the same alkyl.
 159. A compound of claim 145 whereinR^(2E) and R^(2F) are each n-butyl.
 160. A compound of claim 145 whereinone of R^(2E) and R^(2F) is ethyl and the other of R^(2E) and R^(2F) isn-butyl.
 161. A compound of claim 142 wherein: one of R^(2E) and R^(2F)is ethyl and the other of R^(2E) and R^(2F) is n-butyl; R²⁵ and R²⁶ arehydrogen; and R²⁷ is:

wherein r is 1 and R²⁹ is as defined in claim
 142. 162. A compound ofclaim 142 wherein: one of R^(2E) and R^(2F) is ethyl and the other ofR^(2E) and R^(2F) is n-butyl; and R²⁵ and R²⁶ are methoxy; and R²⁷ is:

wherein r is 1 and R²⁹ is as defined in claim
 142. 163. A compound ofFormula VII:

wherein: i is 0, 1 or 2; and 1 is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and R^(1C) and R^(1D)are independently selected from hydrogen and alkyl; and R^(2G) andR^(2H) are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl and aralkyl; or R^(2G) andR^(2H) together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form aC₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl group; and one of E and F is NR³⁰ and the other of Eand F is CHR³¹; wherein R³⁰ and R³¹ are independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen; oxo; alkyl; cycloalkyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; acyl, thioacyl, —OR⁹, and R³²; wherein the R³⁰ and R³¹alkyl; cycloalkyl; aryl; heterocyclyl radicals are independentlysubstituted with one or more radicals independently selected from thegroup consisting of halogen; —CN; —NO₂; oxo; alkyl; polyalkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;polyether; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴; —SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³; —SO₂R¹³; —SO₃R¹³;—NR¹³OR¹⁴; —NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —CO₂R¹³; —OM; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴;—C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM; —COR¹³; —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴; —NR¹³C(O)NR¹⁴R¹⁵;—NR¹³CO₂R¹⁴; —OC(O)R¹³; —OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹³SOR¹⁴; —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴;—NR¹³SONR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR³SO₂NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —PR¹³R¹⁴; —P(O)R¹³R¹⁴; —P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻;—P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; and —N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; and wherein the alkyl,polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl,heterocyclyl, quaternary heterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, andpolyether substituents of the R³⁰ and R³¹ radicals optionally may befurther substituted with one or more radicals selected from the groupconsisting of —CN; halogen; hydroxy; oxo; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl;alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; —OR⁷; —NR⁷R⁸; —SR⁷; —S(O)R⁷; —SO₂R⁷; —SO₃R⁷; —CO₂R⁷;—CONR⁷R⁸; —N⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; —P(O)R⁷R⁸; —PR⁷R⁸; —P⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; and—P(O)(OR⁷)OR⁸; and wherein the alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl,hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl,quaternary heterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyethersubstituents of the R³⁰ and R³¹ radicals optionally may have one or morecarbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁷—; —N⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁷A⁻-;—PR⁷—; —P(O)R⁷—; —P⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; or phenylene; and wherein R⁷ and R⁸ areindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; and alkyl;and wherein R⁹, R¹⁰, and R^(w) are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; alkylammoniumalkyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl; carboxyaryl;carboxyheterocyclyl; amino; alkylamino; carboxyalkylamino;alkoxyalkylamino; and acyl; and wherein R¹¹ and R¹² are independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen; —CN; halogen; oxo;alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl;cycloalkyl; cycloalkenyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cyanoalkyl; —OR⁹;—NR⁹R¹⁰; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹; —CO₂R⁹; and —CONR⁹R¹⁰; or R¹¹and R¹² together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form acyclic ring; and wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of hydrogen; alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyether;or wherein R¹³ and R¹⁴ together with the nitrogen atom to which they areattached form a mono- or polycyclic heterocyclyl that is optionallysubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof oxo, carboxy, and quaternary salts; or wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ togetherwith the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a cyclic ring;and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may be substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; sulfo; oxo; alkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; sulfoalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;carboxy; carboxyalkyl; guanidinyl; —OR¹⁶; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻;—SR¹⁶; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R¹⁶; —CO₂R¹⁶; —CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰;—PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; —P⁹R¹⁰; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰R¹¹ A-; —S⁺R⁹R¹⁰A-; and carbohydrateresidue; and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁹—;—N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁹A⁻-; —PR⁹-; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —P(O)R⁹—;phenylene; carbohydrate residue; amino acid residue; peptide residue; orpolypeptide residue; and wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of R⁹ and M; and wherein A⁻ is apharmaceutically acceptable cation and M is a pharmaceuticallyacceptable cation; and R³² is selected from the group consisting ofcycloalkyl, aryl and heterocyclyl, wherein said cycloalkyl, aryl andheterocyclyl are substituted with —N(H)—X—R³³ or —O—X—R³³ and wherein: Xis selected from the group consisting of: —(C═O)₅-alkyl-;—(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-NH—; —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-O—; —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-(C═O)_(t);and a covalent bond; R₃₃ is selected from selected from the groupconsisting of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides,wherein said monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides may beprotected with one or more sugar protecting groups; s and t areindependently 0 or 1; and one or more R³⁴ radicals are independentlyselected from the group consisting of R³², hydrogen; halogen; —CN; —NO₂;alkyl; cycloalkyl; polyalkyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl;aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; polyether; acyloxy; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴; —SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³;—S(O)₂R¹³; —SO₃R¹³; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; —NR¹³OR¹⁴; —NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —CO₂R¹³; —OM;—SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹⁴C(O)R¹³; —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM; —COR¹³; —OR¹⁴;—S(O)_(n)NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹³R¹⁸; —NR¹⁸OR¹⁴; —N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; —PR¹³R¹⁴;—P(O)R¹³ R¹⁴; —P⁺R¹³ R⁴R⁵A⁻; amino acid residue; peptide residue;polypeptide residue; and carbohydrate residue; wherein the R³⁴ alkyl;cycloalkyl; polyalkyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; polyether; acyloxy radicalsoptionally may be further substituted with one or more radicals selectedfrom the group consisting of halogen; —CN; oxo; —OR¹⁶; —NR⁹R¹⁰;—N⁺R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻; —SR¹⁶; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R¹⁶; —CO₂R¹⁶; —CONR⁹R¹⁰;—SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰; —PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; —P⁹R¹⁰; —P⁺R⁹R¹¹R¹²A⁻; —S⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻; andcarbohydrate residue; and wherein the R³⁴ quaternary heterocyclylradical optionally may be substituted with one or more radicals selectedfrom the group consisting of halogen; —CN; —NO₂; oxo; alkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; polyether; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴;—SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³; —SO₂R¹³; —SO₃R¹³; —NR¹³OR¹⁴; —NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —CO₂R¹³; OM;—SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM; —COR¹³; P(O)R¹³R¹⁴; —P³ R¹⁴;—P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; —P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; —N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; andcarbohydrate residue; and wherein the R³⁴ radicals comprising carbonoptionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR¹³—; —NR¹³R¹⁴A⁻; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R¹³A⁻; —PR¹³—; P(O)R¹³—; —PR¹³R¹⁴;—P⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻-; phenylene; amino acid residue; peptide residue;polypeptide residue; carbohydrate residue; polyether; or polyalkyl;wherein said phenylene; amino acid residue; peptide residue; polypeptideresidue; carbohydrate residue; and polyalkyl optionally may have one ormore carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁹—; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—;—S⁺R⁹A⁻-; —PR⁹—; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; or —P(O)R⁹—; and wherein R¹⁸ is selectedfrom the group consisting of alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;acyl; alkoxycarbonyl; arylalkoxycarbonyl; andheterocyclylalkoxycarbonyl; and wherein the R¹⁸ alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl;aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; acyl; alkoxycarbonyl; arylalkoxycarbonyl; andheterocyclylalkoxycarbonyl radicals optionally may be substituted withone or more radicals selected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN;NO₂; oxo; —OR⁹; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —N⁺R⁹R¹¹ R¹²A⁻; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹;—CO₂R⁹; —CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰; —PR⁹R¹⁰; —P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴;PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; and —C(O)OM; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,solvate, or prodrug thereof; provided that at least one of R³⁰, R³¹ andR³⁴ is R³².
 164. A compound of claim 163 wherein R³² is phenylsubstituted with —N(H)—X—R³³ or —O—X—R³³ wherein: X is selected from thegroup consisting of: —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-; —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-NH—;—(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-O—; —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-(C═O)_(t); and a covalent bond;R₃₃ is selected from selected from the group consisting ofmonosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides; and s and t areindependently 0 or
 1. 165. A compound of claim 164 wherein R³² is phenylsubstituted at the para-position with —N(H)—X—R³³ or —O—X—R³³ wherein: Xis selected from the group consisting of: —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-;—(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-NH—; —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-O—; —(C═O)_(s),-alkyl-(C═O)_(t);and a covalent bond; and R₃₃ is selected from selected from the groupconsisting of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides; and sand t are independently 0 or
 1. 166. A compound of claim 164 wherein R³²is phenyl substituted at the meta-position with —N(H)—X—R³³ or —O—X—R³³wherein: X is selected from the group consisting of: —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-;—(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-NH—; —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-O—; —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-(C═O)_(t);and a covalent bond; and R₃₃ is selected from selected from the groupconsisting of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides; and sand t are independently 0 or 1;
 167. A compound of claim 164 wherein:R³⁰ is R³²; and R³¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogenand alkyl.
 168. A compound of claim 165 wherein: R³⁰ is selected fromthe group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl; and R³¹ is R³².
 169. Acompound of claim 164 wherein R³² is phenyl substituted with a radicalselected from the group consisting of:


170. A compound of claim 164 wherein: i is 2; R^(1C) and R^(1D) areindependently selected from hydrogen and alkyl; and R^(2G) and R^(2H)are independently selected from hydrogen and alkyl.
 171. A compound ofclaim 164 wherein: i is 2; R^(1C) and R^(1D) are hydrogen; and R^(2G)and R^(2H) are independently selected from alkyl.
 172. A compound ofclaim 164 wherein: i is 2; R^(1C) and R^(1D) are hydrogen; and R^(2G)and R^(2H) are independently selected from ethyl, propyl and butyl. 173.A compound of claim 164 wherein i is 1 or
 2. 174. A compound of claim164 wherein i is
 2. 175. A compound of claim 164 wherein R^(1C) andR^(1D) are hydrogen.
 176. A compound of claim 164 wherein R^(2G) andR^(2H) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogenand C₁₋₆alkyl.
 177. A compound of claim 164 wherein R^(2G) and R^(2H)are independently selected from the group consisting C₁₋₄alkyl.
 178. Acompound of claim 164 wherein R^(2G) and R^(2H) are the same alkyl. 179.A compound of claim 164 wherein R^(2G) and R^(2H) are each n-butyl. 180.A compound of claim 164 wherein one of R^(2G) and R^(2H) is ethyl andthe other of R^(2G) and R^(2H) is n-butyl.
 181. A compound of claim 164wherein one or more R³⁴ are independently selected from methoxy anddimethylamino.
 182. A compound of claim 164 wherein i is or 2; R^(1C)and R^(1D) are hydrogen; R^(2G) and R^(2H) are n-butyl; and one or moreR³⁴ are independently selected from methoxy and dimethylamino.
 183. Acompound of claim 164 wherein i is or 2; R^(1C) and R_(1D) are hydrogen;one of R^(2G) and R^(2H) is ethyl and the other of R^(2G) and R^(2H) isn-butyl; and one or more R³⁴ are independently selected from methoxy anddimethylamino.
 184. A compound of claim 163 corresponding to FormulaVIIA:

wherein: i is 0, 1 or 2; and 1 is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and R^(1C) and R^(1D)are independently selected from hydrogen and alkyl; and R^(2G) andR^(2H) are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl and aralkyl; or R^(2G) andR^(2H) together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form aC₃₋₇ cycloalkyl group; and R³⁰ and R³¹ are independently selected fromthe group consisting of hydrogen; oxo; alkyl; cycloalkyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; acyl, thioacyl, —OR⁹, and R³²; wherein the R³⁰ and R³¹alkyl; cycloalkyl; aryl; heterocyclyl radicals are independentlysubstituted with one or more radicals independently selected from thegroup consisting of halogen; —CN; —NO₂; oxo; alkyl; polyalkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;polyether; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴; —SR¹³; —S(O)R₁₃; —SO₂R¹³; —SO₃R¹³;—NR¹³OR¹⁴; —NR¹⁴R¹⁵; CO₂R³; —OM; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴;—C(O)OM; —COR¹³; —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴; —NR¹³C(O)NR¹⁴R¹⁵; NR¹³CO₂R¹⁴; —OC(O)R¹³;—OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹³SOR¹⁴; —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴; —NR¹³SONR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³SO₂NR¹⁴R¹⁵;—PR¹³R¹⁴; —P(O)R¹³R¹⁴; —P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; and—N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; and wherein the alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl,hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl,quaternary heterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyethersubstituents of the R³⁰ and R³¹ radicals optionally may be furthersubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof —CN; halogen; hydroxy; oxo; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl;aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; —OR⁷; —NR⁷R⁸; —SR⁷; —S(O)R⁷; —SO₂R⁷; —SO₃R⁷; —CO₂R⁷;—CONR⁷R⁸; —N⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; —P(O)R⁷ R⁸; —PR⁷R⁸; —P⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A; and—P(O)(OR⁷)OR⁸; and wherein the alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl,hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl,quaternary heterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyethersubstituents of the R³⁰ and R³¹ radicals optionally may have one or morecarbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁷; —N⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁷A⁻;—PR⁷—; —P(O)R⁷—; —P⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; or phenylene; and wherein R⁷ and R⁸ areindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; and alkyl;and wherein R⁹, R¹⁰, and R^(w) are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; alkylammoniumalkyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl; carboxyaryl;carboxyheterocyclyl; amino; alkylamino; carboxyalkylamino;alkoxyalkylamino; and acyl; and wherein R¹¹ and R¹² are independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen; —CN; halogen; oxo;alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl;cycloalkyl; cycloalkenyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cyanoalkyl; —OR⁹;—NR⁹R¹⁰—SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹; —CO₂R⁹; and —CONR⁹R¹⁰; or R¹¹ andR¹² together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form acyclic ring; and wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of hydrogen; alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyether;or wherein R¹³ and R¹⁴ together with the nitrogen atom to which they areattached form a mono- or polycyclic heterocyclyl that is optionallysubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof oxo, carboxy, and quaternary salts; or wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ togetherwith the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a cyclic ring;and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may be substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; sulfo; oxo; alkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; sulfoalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;carboxy; carboxyalkyl; guanidinyl; —OR 6; —NR⁹RO; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻;—SR¹⁶; —S(O)R⁹ SO²R⁹ SO³R¹⁶; —CO₂R¹⁶; —CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰;—PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; —P⁹R¹⁰; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰R¹¹A⁻; —S⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻; and carbohydrateresidue; and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁹—;—N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁹A⁻-; —PR⁹—; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —P(O)R⁹—;phenylene; carbohydrate residue; amino acid residue; peptide residue; orpolypeptide residue; and wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of R⁹ and M; and wherein A⁻ is apharmaceutically acceptable cation and M is a pharmaceuticallyacceptable cation; and R³² is selected from the group consisting ofcycloalkyl, aryl and heterocyclyl, wherein said cycloalkyl, aryl andheterocyclyl are substituted with —N(H)—X—R³³ or —O—X—R³³ and wherein: Xis selected from the group consisting of: —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-;—(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-NH—; —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-O—; —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-(C═O)_(t);and a covalent bond; and R₃₃ is selected from selected from the groupconsisting of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides,wherein said monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides may beprotected with one or more sugar protecting groups; and s and t areindependently 0 or 1; and one or more R³⁴ radicals are independentlyselected from the group consisting of R³², hydrogen; halogen; —CN; —NO₂;alkyl; cycloalkyl; polyalkyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl;aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; polyether; acyloxy; —OR¹³; —NR¹³ R¹⁴; —SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³; —S(O)₂R¹³; —SO₃R¹³; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; —NR¹³OR¹⁴; —NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —CO₂R¹³;—OM; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹⁴C(O)R¹³; —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM; —COR¹³;—R¹⁸; —S(O)_(n)NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹³R¹⁸; —NR¹⁸OR¹⁴; —N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; —PR¹³R¹⁴;—P(O)R¹³R¹⁴; —P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; amino acid residue; peptide residue;polypeptide residue; and carbohydrate residue; wherein the R³⁴ alkyl;cycloalkyl; polyalkyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; polyether; acyloxy radicalsoptionally may be further substituted with one or more radicals selectedfrom the group consisting of halogen; —CN; oxo; OR¹⁶; —NR⁹R¹⁰;—N⁺R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻; —SR¹⁶; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R¹⁶; —CO₂R¹⁶; —CONR⁹R¹⁰;—SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰; —PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; —P⁹R¹⁰; —P⁺R⁹R¹¹R¹²A⁻; —S⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻; andcarbohydrate residue; and wherein the R³⁴ quaternary heterocyclylradical optionally may be substituted with one or more radicals selectedfrom the group consisting of halogen; —CN; —NO₂; oxo; alkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; polyether; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴;—SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³; —SO₂R¹³; —SO₃R¹³; —NR³OR¹⁴; —NR¹³NR⁴R⁵; —CO₂R¹³; OM;—SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM; —COR¹³; —P(O)R¹³R¹⁴; —P¹³R¹⁴P⁺R R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; —P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; —N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; andcarbohydrate residue; and wherein the R³⁴ radicals comprising carbonoptionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR¹³ —;—N⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R¹³A⁻-; —PR¹³—; —P(O)R¹³—; —PR¹³R¹⁴;—P⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻-; phenylene; amino acid residue; peptide residue;polypeptide residue; carbohydrate residue; polyether; or polyalkyl;wherein said phenylene; amino acid residue; peptide residue; polypeptideresidue; carbohydrate residue; and polyalkyl optionally may have one ormore carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁹—; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—;—S⁺R⁹A⁻-; —PR⁹—; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; or —P(O)R⁹—; and wherein R¹⁸ is selectedfrom the group consisting of alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;acyl; alkoxycarbonyl; arylalkoxycarbonyl; andheterocyclylalkoxycarbonyl; and wherein the R¹⁸ alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl;aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; acyl; alkoxycarbonyl; arylalkoxycarbonyl; andheterocyclylalkoxycarbonyl radicals optionally may be substituted withone or more radicals selected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN;NO₂; oxo; —OR⁹; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —N⁺R⁹R¹¹R¹²A⁻; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹;—CO₂R⁹; —CONR⁹R 10; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰; —PR⁹R¹¹; —P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴;—PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; and —C(O)OM; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,solvate, or prodrug thereof; provided that at least one of R³⁰, R³¹ andR³⁴ is R³².
 185. A compound of claim 184 wherein R³² is phenylsubstituted with —N(H)—X—R³³ or —O—X—R³³ wherein: X is selected from thegroup consisting of: —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-; —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-NH—;—(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-O—; —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-(C═O)_(t); and a covalent bond;and R₃₃ is selected from selected from the group consisting ofmonosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides; and s and t areindependently 0 or
 1. 186. A compound of claim 185 wherein R³² is phenylsubstituted at the para-position with —N(H)—X—R³³ or —O—X—R³³ wherein: Xis selected from the group consisting of: —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-;—(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-NH—; —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-O—; —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-(C═O)_(t);and a covalent bond; and R₃₃ is selected from selected from the groupconsisting of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides; and sand t are independently 0 or
 1. 187. A compound of claim 185 wherein R³²is phenyl substituted at the meta-position with —N(H)—X—R³³ or —O—X—R³³wherein: X is selected from the group consisting of: —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-;—(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-NH—; —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-O—; —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-(C═O)_(t);and a covalent bond; and R₃₃ is selected from selected from the groupconsisting of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides; and sand t are independently 0 or
 1. 188. A compound of claim 185 wherein:R³⁰ is R³²; and R³¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogenand alkyl.
 189. A compound of claim 185 wherein: R³⁰ is selected fromthe group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl; and R³¹ is R³².
 190. Acompound of claim 185 wherein R³² is phenyl substituted with a radicalselected from the group consisting of:


191. A compound of claim 185 wherein: i is 2; R^(1C) and R^(1D) areindependently selected from hydrogen and alkyl; and R^(2G) and R^(2H)are independently selected from hydrogen and alkyl.
 192. A compound ofclaim 185 wherein: i is 2; R^(1C) and R^(1D) are hydrogen; and R^(2G)and R^(2H) are independently selected from alkyl.
 193. A compound ofclaim 185 wherein: i is 2; R^(1C) and R^(1D) are hydrogen; and R^(2G)and R^(2H) are independently selected from ethyl, propyl and butyl. 194.A compound of claim 185 wherein i is 1 or
 2. 195. A compound of claim185 wherein i is
 2. 196. A compound of claim 185 wherein R^(1C) andR^(1D) are hydrogen.
 197. A compound of claim 185 wherein R^(2G) andR^(2H) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogenand C₁₋₆alkyl.
 198. A compound of claim 185 wherein R^(2G) and R^(2H)are independently selected from the group consisting C₁₋₆alkyl.
 199. Acompound of claim 185 wherein R^(2G) and R^(2H) are the same alkyl. 200.A compound of claim 185 wherein R^(2G) and R^(2H) are each n-butyl. 201.A compound of claim 185 wherein one of R^(2G) and R^(2H) is ethyl andthe other of R^(2G) and R^(2H) is n-butyl.
 202. A compound of claim 185wherein one or more R³⁴ are independently selected from methoxy anddimethylamino.
 203. A compound of claim 185 wherein i is 1 or 2; R^(1C)and R^(1D) are hydrogen; R^(2G) and R^(2H) are n-butyl; and one or moreR³⁴ are independently selected from methoxy and dimethylamino.
 204. Acompound of claim 185 wherein i is 1 or 2; R^(1C) and R^(1D) arehydrogen; one of R^(2G) and R^(2H) is ethyl and the other of R^(2G) andR^(2H) is n-butyl; and one or more R³⁴ are independently selected frommethoxy and dimethylamino.
 205. A compound of claim 163 corresponding toFormula VIIB:

wherein: i is 0, 1 or 2; and 1 is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and R^(1C) and R^(1D)are independently selected from hydrogen and alkyl; and R^(2G) andR^(2H) are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl and aralkyl; or R^(2G) andR^(2H) together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form aC₃₋₇ cycloalkyl group; and R³⁰ and R³¹ are independently selected fromthe group consisting of hydrogen; oxo; alkyl; cycloalkyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; acyl, thioacyl, —OR⁹, and R³²; wherein the R³⁰ and R³¹alkyl; cycloalkyl; aryl; heterocyclyl radicals are independentlysubstituted with one or more radicals independently selected from thegroup consisting of halogen; —CN; —NO₂; oxo; alkyl; polyalkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl;polyether; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴; —SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³; —SO₂R¹³; SO₃R¹³; —NR¹³OR¹⁴;—NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —CO₂R¹³; —OM; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM;—COR¹³; —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴; —NR¹³C(O)NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³CO₂R¹⁴; —OC(O)R¹³;—OC(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹³SOR¹⁴; —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴; —NR¹³SONR¹⁴R¹⁵; —NR¹³SO₂NR¹⁴R¹⁵;—PR¹³R¹⁴; —P(O)R¹³R¹⁴; —P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; —P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; and—N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; and wherein the alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl,hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl,quaternary heterocyclyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyethersubstituents of the R³⁰ and R³¹ radicals optionally may be furthersubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof —CN; halogen; hydroxy; oxo; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl, alkynyl;aryl; heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; —OR⁷; —NR⁷R⁸—SR⁷; S(O)R; —SO₂R⁷; —SO₃R⁷; —CO₂R⁷; —CONR⁷R⁸;—N⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; —P(O)R⁷R⁸; —PR⁷R⁸; —P⁺R⁷R⁸R⁹A⁻; and —P(O)(OR⁷)OR⁸; andwherein the alkyl, polyalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl,alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, quaternary heterocyclyl,arylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, and polyether substituents of the R³⁰ andR³¹ radicals optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—;—NR⁷—; —N⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁷A⁻-; —PR⁷—; —P(O)R⁷—;—P⁺R⁷R⁸A⁻-; or phenylene; and wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen; and alkyl; and whereinR⁹, R¹⁰, and R^(w) are independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen; alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl;alkoxyalkyl; carboalkoxyalkyl; carboxyaryl; carboxyheterocyclyl; amino;alkylamino; carboxyalkylamino; alkoxyalkylamino; and acyl; and whereinR¹¹ and R¹² are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen; —CN; halogen; oxo; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; carboxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl;carboalkoxyalkyl; cycloalkyl; cycloalkenyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl;cyanoalkyl; —OR⁹; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹; —CO₂R⁹; and—CONR⁹R¹⁰; or R¹¹ and R¹² together with the carbon atom to which theyare attached form a cyclic ring; and wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ areindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; alkyl;haloalkyl; cycloalkyl; polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl;quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyether;or wherein R¹³ and R¹⁴ together with the nitrogen atom to which they areattached form a mono- or polycyclic heterocyclyl that is optionallysubstituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consistingof oxo, carboxy, and quaternary salts; or wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ togetherwith the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a cyclic ring;and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may be substituted with one or more radicalsselected from the group consisting of halogen; —CN; sulfo; oxo; alkyl;haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; sulfoalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclylalkyl;carboxy; carboxyalkyl; guanidinyl; —OR¹⁶; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻;—SR¹⁶; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R¹⁶; —CO₂R¹⁶; —CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰;—PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; —P⁹R¹⁰; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰R¹¹A-; —S⁺R⁹R¹⁰A-; and carbohydrateresidue; and wherein the R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ alkyl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; quaternaryheterocyclylalkyl; alkylarylalkyl; alkylheterocyclylalkyl;alkylammoniumalkyl; aminoalkyl; aminocarbonylalkyl;alkylaminocarbonylalkyl; carboxyalkylaminocarbonylalkyl; and polyetherradicals optionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁹—;—N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R⁹A⁻-; —PR⁹—; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —P(O)R⁹—;phenylene; carbohydrate residue; amino acid residue; peptide residue; orpolypeptide residue; and wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of R⁹ and M; and wherein A⁻ is apharmaceutically acceptable cation and M is a pharmaceuticallyacceptable cation; and R³² is selected from the group consisting ofcycloalkyl, aryl and heterocyclyl, wherein said cycloalkyl, aryl andheterocyclyl are substituted with —N(H)—X—R³³ or —O—X—R³³ and wherein: Xis selected from the group consisting of: —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-;—(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-NH—; —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-O—; —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-(C═O)_(t);and a covalent bond; and R₃₃ is selected from selected from the groupconsisting of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides,wherein said monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides may beprotected with one or more sugar protecting groups; and s and t areindependently 0 or 1; and one or more R³⁴ radicals are independentlyselected from the group consisting of R³², hydrogen; halogen; —CN; —NO₂;alkyl; cycloalkyl; polyalkyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl;aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl;heterocyclylalkyl; polyether; acyloxy; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴; —SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³;—S(O)₂R¹³; —SO₃R¹³; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; —NR¹³OR¹⁴; —NR¹³NR¹⁴NR¹⁵; —CO₂R¹³; —OM;—SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹⁴C(O)R¹³; —C(O)NR¹³ R¹⁴; —C(O)OM; —COR¹³;—OR¹⁸; —S(O)_(n)NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹³R¹⁴; —NR¹⁸OR¹⁴; —N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; —PR¹³R¹⁴;—P(O)R¹³R¹⁴—P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; amino acid residue; peptide residue;polypeptide residue; and carbohydrate residue; wherein the R³⁴ alkyl;cycloalkyl; polyalkyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; polyether; acyloxy radicalsoptionally may be further substituted with one or more radicals selectedfrom the group consisting of halogen; —CN; oxo; —OR¹⁶; —NR⁹R¹⁰;—N⁺R⁹R¹⁰R^(w)A⁻; —SR¹⁶; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R¹⁶; —CO₂R¹⁶; —CONR⁹R¹⁰;—SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰; —PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; —P⁹R¹⁰; —P⁺R⁹R¹¹ R¹²A⁻; —S⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻; andcarbohydrate residue; and wherein the R³⁴ quaternary heterocyclylradical optionally may be substituted with one or more radicals selectedfrom the group consisting of halogen; —CN; —NO₂; oxo; alkyl; cycloalkyl;polyalkyl; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl;heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; polyether; —OR¹³; —NR¹³R¹⁴;—SR¹³; —S(O)R¹³; —SO₂R¹³; —SO₃R¹³; —NR¹³OR¹⁴; —NR¹³NR¹⁴R¹⁵; —CO₂R¹³; OM;—SO₂OM; —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; —C(O)OM; —COR¹³; —P(O)R¹³R¹⁴;—P¹³R¹⁴; —P⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; —P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴; —S⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻; —N⁺R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵A⁻; andcarbohydrate residue; and wherein the R³⁴ radicals comprising carbonoptionally may have one or more carbons replaced by —O—; —NR¹³—;—N⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —S⁺R¹³A⁻-; —PR¹³—; —P(O)R¹³—; —PR¹³R¹⁴;—P⁺R¹³R¹⁴A⁻-; phenylene; amino acid residue; peptide residue;polypeptide residue; carbohydrate residue; polyether; or polyalkyl;wherein said phenylene; amino acid residue; peptide residue; polypeptideresidue; carbohydrate residue; and polyalkyl optionally may have one ormore carbons replaced by —O—; —NR⁹—; —N⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; —S—; —SO—; —SO₂—; —SR9A⁻-; —PR⁹—; —P⁺R⁹R¹⁰A⁻-; or —P(O)R⁹-; and wherein R¹⁸ is selected fromthe group consisting of alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl;quaternary heterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; acyl;alkoxycarbonyl; arylalkoxycarbonyl; and heterocyclylalkoxycarbonyl; andwherein the R¹⁸ alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; quaternaryheterocyclyl; arylalkyl; heterocyclylalkyl; acyl; alkoxycarbonyl;arylalkoxycarbonyl; and heterocyclylalkoxycarbonyl radicals optionallymay be substituted with one or more radicals selected from the groupconsisting of halogen; —CN; NO₂; oxo; —OR⁹; —NR⁹R¹⁰; —N⁺R⁹R¹¹ R¹²A⁻;—SR⁹; —S(O)R⁹; —SO₂R⁹; —SO₃R⁹; —CO₂R⁹; —CONR⁹R¹⁰; —SO₂OM; —SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰;—PR⁹R¹⁰; —P(OR¹³)OR¹⁴; —PO(OR¹⁶)OR¹⁷; and —C(O)OM; or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; provided that at least oneof R³⁰, R³¹ and R³⁴ is R³².
 206. A compound of claim 205 wherein R³² isphenyl substituted with —N(H)—X—R³³ or —O—X—R³³ wherein: X is selectedfrom the group consisting of: —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-; —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-NH—;—(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-O—; —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-(C═O)_(t); and a covalent bond;and R₃₃ is selected from selected from the group consisting ofmonosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides; and s and t areindependently 0 or
 1. 207. A compound of claim 206 wherein R³² is phenylsubstituted at the para-position with —N(H)—X—R³³ or —O—X—R³³ wherein: Xis selected from the group consisting of: —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-;—(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-NH—; —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-O—; —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-(C═O)_(t);and a covalent bond; and R³³ is selected from selected from the groupconsisting of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides; and sand t are independently 0 or
 1. 208. A compound of claim 206 wherein R³²is phenyl substituted at the meta-position with —N(H)—X—R³³ or —O—X—R³³wherein: X is selected from the group consisting of: —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-;—(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-NH—; —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-O—; —(C═O)_(s)-alkyl-(C═O)_(t);and a covalent bond; and R₃₃ is selected from selected from the groupconsisting of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides; and sand t are independently 0 or
 1. 209. A compound of claim 206 wherein:R³⁰ is R³² and R³¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen andalkyl.
 210. A compound of claim 206 wherein: R³⁰ is selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen and alkyl; and R³¹ is R³².
 211. A compoundof claim 206 wherein R³² is phenyl substituted with a radical selectedfrom the group consisting of:


212. A compound of claim 206 wherein: i is 2; R^(1C) and R^(1D) areindependently selected from hydrogen and alkyl; and R^(2G) and R^(2H)are independently selected from hydrogen and alkyl.
 213. A compound ofclaim 206 wherein: i is 2; R^(1C) and R^(1D) are hydrogen; and R^(2G)and R^(2H) are independently selected from alkyl.
 214. A compound ofclaim 206 wherein: i is 2; R^(1C) and R^(1D) are hydrogen; and R ^(2G)and R^(2H) are independently selected from ethyl, propyl and butyl. 215.A compound of claim 206 wherein i is 1 or
 2. 216. A compound of claim206 wherein i is
 2. 217. A compound of claim 206 wherein R^(1C) andR^(1D) are hydrogen.
 218. A compound of claim 206 wherein R^(2G) andR^(2H) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogenand C₁₋₆alkyl.
 219. A compound of claim 206 wherein R^(2G) and R^(2H)are independently selected from the group consisting C₁₋₆alkyl.
 220. Acompound of claim 206 wherein R^(2G) and R^(2H) are the same alkyl. 221.A compound of claim 206 wherein R^(2G) and R^(2H) are each n-butyl. 222.A compound of claim 206 wherein one of R^(2G) and R^(2H) is ethyl andthe other of R^(2G) and R^(2H) is n-butyl.
 223. A compound of claim 206wherein one or more R³⁴ are independently selected from methoxy anddimethylamino.
 224. A compound of claim 206 wherein i is 1 or 2; R^(1C)and R^(1D) are hydrogen; R^(1G) and R^(2H) are n-butyl; and one or moreR³⁴ are independently selected from methoxy and dimethylamino.
 225. Acompound of claim 206 wherein i is 1 or 2; R^(1C) and R^(1D) arehydrogen; one of R^(2G) and R^(2H) is ethyl and the other of R^(2G) andR^(2H) is n-butyl; and one or more R³⁴ are independently selected frommethoxy and dimethylamino.
 226. A compound of Formula VIII:

wherein: R^(2I) and R^(2J) are independently selected from C₁₋₆alkyl;and R³⁵ is selected from the group consisting of halogen and R³⁸; R³⁶ isselected from the group consisting of hydroxy, alkoxy, and R³⁸; whereinR³⁸ is selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, aryl andheterocyclyl, wherein said cycloalkyl, aryl and heterocyclyl aresubstituted with —N(H)—X—R³⁹ or —O—X—R³⁹ and wherein: X is selected fromthe group consisting of: —(C═O)_(u)-alkyl-; —(C═O)_(u)-alkyl-NH—;—(C═O)_(u)-alkyl-O—; —(C═O)_(u)-alkyl-(C═O)_(v); and a covalent bond;and R³⁹ is selected from selected from the group consisting ofmonosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, wherein saidmonosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides may be protectedwith one or more sugar protecting groups; and u and v are independently0 or 1; and R³⁷ is unsubstituted phenyl or R³⁸; or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; provided that at least oneof R³⁵, R³⁶ and R³⁷ is R³⁸.
 227. A compound of claim 226 wherein R³⁸ isphenyl substituted with —N(H)—X—R³⁹ or —O—X—R³⁹ wherein: X is selectedfrom the group consisting of: —(C═O)_(u)-alkyl-; —(C═O)_(u)-alkyl-NH—;—(C═O)_(u)-alkyl-O—; —(C═O)_(u)-alkyl-(C═O)_(v); and a covalent bond;and R³⁹ is selected from selected from the group consisting ofmonosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides; and u and v areindependently 0 or
 1. 228. A compound of claim 227 wherein R³⁸ is phenylsubstituted at the para-position with —N(H)—X—R³⁹ or —O—X—R³⁹ wherein: Xis selected from the group consisting of: —(C═O)_(u)-alkyl-;—(C═O)_(u)-alkyl-NH—; —(C═O)_(u)-alkyl-O—; —(C═O)_(u)-alkyl-(C═O)_(v);and a covalent bond; and R³⁹ is selected from selected from the groupconsisting of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides; and uand v are independently 0 or
 1. 229. A compound of claim 227 wherein R³⁸is phenyl substituted at the meta-position with —N(H)—X—R³⁹ or —O—X—R³⁹wherein: X is selected from the group consisting of: —(C═O)_(u)-alkyl-;—(C═O)_(u)-alkyl-NH—; —(C═O)_(u)-alkyl-O—; —(C═O)_(u)-alkyl-(C═O)_(v);and a covalent bond; and R³⁹ is selected from selected from the groupconsisting of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides; and uand v are independently 0 or
 1. 230. A compound of claim 227 wherein R³⁸is phenyl substituted with a radical selected from the group consistingof:


231. A compound of claim 227 wherein: R^(2I) and R^(2J) areindependently selected from ethyl and n-butyl; R³⁵ is chloro; and R³⁶ isselected from the group consisting of hydroxy and methoxy.
 232. Acompound of claim 227 wherein: R^(2I) and R^(2J) are n-butyl; R³⁵ ischloro; and R³⁶ is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy andmethoxy.
 233. A compound of claim 227 wherein: one of R^(2I) and R^(2J)is ethyl and the other of R^(2I) and R^(2J) is n-butyl; R³⁵ is chloro;and R³⁶ is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy and methoxy.234. A compound of claim 227 wherein R^(2I) and R^(2J) are the samealkyl.
 235. A compound of claim 227 wherein R^(2I) and R^(2J) are eachn-butyl.
 236. A compound of claim 227 wherein one of R^(2I) and R^(2J)is ethyl and the other of R^(2I) and R^(2J) is n-butyl.
 237. A compoundof Formula IX:

wherein: R^(2K) and R^(2L) are independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl;and R⁴⁰ and R⁴¹ are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, alkoxy, and R⁴³; wherein R⁴³ is selected from the groupconsisting of cycloalkyl, aryl and heterocyclyl, wherein saidcycloalkyl, aryl and heterocyclyl are substituted with —N(H)—X—R⁴⁴ or—O—X—R⁴⁴ and wherein: X is selected from the group consisting of:—(C═O)_(a)-alkyl-; —(C═O)_(a)-alkyl-NH—; —(C═O)_(a)-alkyl-O—;—(C═O)_(a)-alkyl-(C═O)_(b); and a covalent bond; and R⁴⁴ is selectedfrom selected from the group consisting of monosaccharides,disaccharides, and polysaccharides, wherein said monosaccharides,disaccharides, and polysaccharides may be protected with one or moresugar protecting groups; and a and b are independently 0 or 1; and R⁴²is unsubstituted phenyl or R⁴³; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,solvate, or prodrug thereof; provided that at least one of R⁴⁰, R⁴¹ andR⁴² is R⁴³.
 238. A compound of claim 237 wherein R⁴³ is phenylsubstituted with —N(H)—X—R⁴⁴ or —O—X—R⁴⁴ wherein: X is selected from thegroup consisting of: —(C═O)_(a)-alkyl-; —(C═O)_(a)-alkyl-NH—;—(C═O)_(a)-alkyl-O—; —(C═O)_(a)-alkyl-(C═O)_(b); and a covalent bond;and R⁴⁴ is selected from selected from the group consisting ofmonosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides; and a and b areindependently 0 or
 1. 239. A compound of claim 238 wherein R⁴³ is phenylsubstituted at the para-position with —N(H)—X—R⁴⁴ or —O—X—R⁴⁴ wherein: Xis selected from the group consisting of: —(C═O)_(a)-alkyl-;—(C═O)_(a)-alkyl-NH—; —(C═O)_(a)-alkyl-O—; —(C═O)_(a)-alkyl-(C═O)_(b);and a covalent bond; and R⁴⁴ is selected from selected from the groupconsisting of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides; and aand b are independently 0 or
 1. 240. A compound of claim 238 wherein R⁴³is phenyl substituted at the meta-position with —N(H)—X—R⁴⁴ or —O—X—R⁴⁴wherein: X is selected from the group consisting of: —(C═O)_(a)-alkyl-;—(C═O)₂-alkyl-NH—; —(C═O)_(a)-alkyl-O-; —(C═O)_(a)-alkyl-(C═O)_(b); anda covalent bond; and R⁴⁴ is selected from selected from the groupconsisting of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides; and aand b are independently 0 or
 1. 241. A compound of claim 238 wherein R⁴³is phenyl substituted with a radical selected from the group consistingof:


242. A compound of claim 238 wherein: R^(2K) and R^(2L) areindependently selected from ethyl and n-butyl; and R⁴⁰ and R⁴¹ areindependently selected from hydrogen and methoxy.
 243. A compound ofclaim 238 wherein: R^(2K) and R^(2L) are n-butyl; and R⁴⁰ and R⁴¹ areindependently selected from hydrogen and methoxy.
 244. A compound ofclaim 238 wherein: one of R^(2K) and R^(2L) is ethyl and the other ofR^(2K) and R^(2L) is n-butyl; and R⁴⁰ and R⁴¹ are independently selectedfrom hydrogen and methoxy.
 245. A compound of claim 238 wherein R^(2K)and R^(2L) are the same alkyl.
 246. A compound of claim 238 whereinR^(2K) and R^(2L) are each n-butyl.
 247. A compound of claim 238 whereinone of R^(2K) and R^(2L) is ethyl and the other of R^(2K) and R^(2L) isn-butyl.
 249. A compound of claim 238 wherein: one of R^(2K) and R^(2L)is ethyl and the other of R^(2K) and R^(2L) is n-butyl; and R⁴⁰ and R⁴¹are hydrogen.
 250. A compound of claim 238 wherein: one of R^(2K) andR^(2L) is ethyl and the other of R^(2K) and R^(2L) is n-butyl; and R⁴⁰and R⁴¹ are methoxy.
 251. A method of treating a hyperlipidemiccondition in a subject comprising administering to the subject atherapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I according toany one of claims 1 to 120, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,solvate or prodrug thereof.
 252. A method of treating a hyperlipidemiccondition in a subject comprising administering to the subject atherapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula III accordingto any one of claims 121 to 140, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,solvate or prodrug thereof.
 253. A method of treating a hyperlipidemiccondition in a subject comprising administering to the subject atherapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula V according toany one of claims 141 to 162, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,solvate or prodrug thereof.
 254. A method of treating a hyperlipidemiccondition in a subject comprising administering to the subject atherapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula VII accordingto any one of claims 163 to 225, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,solvate or prodrug thereof.
 255. A method of treating a hyperlipidemiccondition in a subject comprising administering to the subject atherapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula VIII accordingto any one of claims 226 to 236, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,solvate or prodrug thereof.
 256. A method of treating a hyperlipidemiccondition in a subject comprising administering to the subject atherapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula IX accordingto any one of claims 237 to 250, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,solvate or prodrug thereof.
 257. The method of claim 251 wherein thehyperlipidemic condition is atherosclerosis.
 258. A pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a compound of Formula I according to any one ofclaims 1 to 120 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate orprodrug thereof, and a pharmceutically acceptable carrier.
 259. Apharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula IIIaccording to any one of claims 121 to 140 or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, solvate or prodrug thereof, and a pharmceuticallyacceptable carrier.
 260. A pharmaceutical composition comprising acompound of Formula V according to any one of claims 141 to 162 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug thereof, and apharmceutically acceptable carrier.
 261. A pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound of Formula VII according to any one of claims 163to 225 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrugthereof, and a pharmceutically acceptable carrier.
 262. A pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a compound of Formula VIII according to any oneof claims 226 to 236 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate orprodrug thereof, and a pharmceutically acceptable carrier.
 263. Apharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula IX accordingto any one of claims 237 to 250 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,solvate or prodrug thereof, and a pharmceutically acceptable carrier.